The Bomb :: essays papers

The BombOne of the most force playful and intriguing people for the 20th century is Mother Teresa. She is probably the worlds best-known humanitarian. She spent her life caring for the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind and the lepers. She cared for all people who felt unwanted, unloved and uncared for in society. The purity of heart and of purpose was what made her commensurate to focus every ounce of her energy on her simple and unserving purpose in life to do, to made, to be something beautiful for God. Mother Teresa had a devoted Catholic family. It was their generosity and care for the poor and less fortunate that helped her decide what she wanted to do with her life. She received a calling from God to serve him among the poorest of the poor speckle she was riding on a train to rec over from suspected tuberculosis.Mother Teresa opened houses for lepers, alcoholics, drug addicts, the homeless and destitute, mothers with unwanted pregnancies and for peopl e with AIDS all over the world. She felt that abortion is the worst evil. Her life exemplifies the true meaning of Christianity.The event we chose to be the most powerful in the 20th century is the misfireing of Hiroshima. The die was dropped on August 6, 1945. The bomb had lots of killing power because of its size.The A-bomb had lots of killing power. Many people were burnt by the heat rays emitted from the bomb. Anyone who was primed(p) within 1.2 km from the hypocenter of the explosion at the time it went off died within a few days because of the exposure to direct heat rays. Radiation from the bomb caused certain blood disorders. Survivors of the blast soon reported cases of leukemia. Incidents of lung and thyroid cancer increased during the 1960s because of the radiation. In utero exposure caused microcephaly, a smaller than normal skull, and mental retardation. The bomb killed the city as well. Fire was set to the entire city and buildings were gutted by the fire. Because of this enormous amount of power, 140,000 people died.There was power in uncompounded size of the bomb. It weighed 9,000 pounds, over 4 tons. The diameter measured 28 inches. It was 120 inches long. This particular bomb had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT. It contained 2,000 times more power than the British bomb, Grand Slam.

The HIPAA Privacy Rule and Marketing Communications Essay -- Medical M

Protecting diligent information is an important task for any health tuition tenderr. The Heath Insurance Portability and Accountability identification number (HIPAA), also kn give as the Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, was approved by the United States Congress in 1996. It was the first act to provide national regulations for the use of patient health information. This privacy rule outlines the boundaries for the use of personal health information, including specific guidelines to ensure HIPAA-compliance. In order to market below HIPAA, there are certain privacy rules in place to protect patients. According to HIPAA, market is defined as a communication about a product or service that encourages recipients to purchase or use the product or service2. This definition can include any type of marketing communication. market also includes when a covered entity is paid by a third party for patient health information that they can use for their own purposes. It also covers cases of an associate communicating and encouraging patients to buy or use their product or service. Covered entities, which include health providers, health plans, and health care clearinghouses, must receive authorization to use patients health information for marketing but there are a few exceptions to this rule. Marketing activities that are permitted without prior authorization include face-to-face encounters as well as giving promotional gifts of little value, such as pens or mugs. A good example of this would be a covered entity giving new mothers a free sample of baby products as they leave the hospital. Covered entities may discuss the health benefits of a product or service to a patient, along with describing health plan options, ... ...portant that the health care provider understands when authorization from the patient must be obtained and when it is not needed. Knowledge of the HIPAA Privacy Rule is essential for any health care provider a s well as their lag in order to ensure that any marketing communications are HIPAA compliant.Works Cited1)Association for Healthcare Philanthropy. Question 5 Newsletters, Patient Education. Retrieved from http//www.ahp.org/advocacy/us/HIPAA/Analysis/Pages/Question5Long.aspx2)Direct Marketing Association (2002, August). The Privacy Provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Retrieved from http//www.dmaresponsibility.org/HIPPA/III13)Johnson, P. (2011, September 6). HIPAA How does it relate to marketing? Retrieved from http//www.oandp.com/blogs/marketing-matters/post/HIPAA-How-Does-It-Relate-to-Marketing.aspx

Hannibal :: essays research papers

Hannibal-RPR                                             In Thomas Harris Hannibal, Harris, like many other authors, seems to be obsessed with the darker side of humanity and it is through his characterisation of "Hannibal the Cannibal" in his sassy that he revels the other side of humanity, the side that most people would rather stayed locked up. Hannibal however would not stay locked up. In the previous novel "Silence of the Lambs" Hannibal break loose during a transfer from his cell in Baltimore to an institution Memphis. He lived a quiet and secluded live after escaping, hed been careful, and had never been tracked. He had been careless when he sent a letter to Clarice. During a drugs raid Clarice shot drug baron Evelda Drumgo after she shot an finishicer. Evelda was holding a baby a nd the media did not aerate well the shooting of a woman clutching a baby. It was this that alerted Hannibal to Clarices misfortunes and lead him to sending the letter that would revel his location and eventually lead to his capture. His capture was not by authorities but by Mason Verger, Hannibals only surviving victim who now needs a respirator to live and can very curio leave his chamber. Mason did not have him captured to hand over the authorities but to have his face eaten by pigs like mason had his face eaten off by dogs. Before Mason had a chance to have Hannibals face eaten off Clarice Starling breaks into the barn, proceeds to bringing Hannibal but unfortunately before she can rescue him she is shot in the back with a tranquilizer several times and Hannibal has to rescue her. Hannibal takes her back to his home to recover and by the time she is recovered her and Hannibal amaze along well and she ends up living with him in a mansion in Italy but not after Hannibal and Cla rice make a dinner of Mr. Krendler, a man who tried to halt Clarices career at every opportunity. . It is on how the writer revels the darker side of Hannibal that I would like to concentrate this essay.     The writer, Thomas Harris, uses many techniques to dish revel and explain the dark side of Hannibal although he does enlighten us to the lighter side and his life before he was uncovered as a homicidal psychopath. In a letter sent to Clarice from Hannibal after the shooting insolent Hannibal explains that he has followed her public humiliation closely and describes how similar they are, but not in as few words.

Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and the Tragic Hero Essay -- Great Gats

Fitzgeralds The cracking Gatsby and the Tragic Hero Aristotle invented a list of criteria in an attempt to determine the exact exposition of a tragic hero. The list states the following - the tragic hero must cause his own down fall the tragic heros fate is undeserved the tragic heros punishment exceeds his crime the tragic hero must be a great and noble person according to the standards of the current society. In Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby atomic number 50 be defined as a tragic hero who possesses all of the aforementioned traits. Jay Gatsbys main desire in life is to become a outgrowth of high society, respected more than anyone else. Gatsby has taken steps to ensure that this desire becomes a reality. He has accumulated wealth, power, and influence, all in an attempt to create the reflect image of a successful man. Although Gatsbys friend Nick is inclined to reserve all judgements (1), Gatsby is a strong, unselfish archetypeist. Gatsby is a romantic dreamer who wishes to fulfill his ideal by gaining wealth in hopes of impressing and eventually winning the heart of the mat... ...his vision, until his death. Daisy indirectly causes Gatsbys death, making her more than ever, unworthy of Gatsbys affections. Ironically, Gatsby lived for Daisy and up to his death, believed and had faith in her and his vision. Works Cited Dillon, Andrew. The Great Gatsby The Vitality of Illusion. The Arizona Quarterly 44 Spr. 1988 49-61. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. Irwin, John T. Compensating Visions The Great Gatsby. Southwest Review 77 Autumn 1992 536-545.

2001 USA Patriot Act is Unconstitutional and Ineffective Essays

I. IntroductionIn the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks US Congress passed formula cognize as the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 commonly known as the ground forces nationalist Act. This paper will attempt to prove that not only is the USA Patriot Act unconstitutional but many of its provisions do nothing at all to protect Americans from the dangers of terrorism.While this act made legislative changes that increased surveillance and the investigative powers of law enforcement agencies to protect America from further terrorist acts, the passing of the USA Patriot Act has reduced the privacy rights of Americans and besides does not provide for a governance of checks and balances that safeguard civil liberties. Terrorism is a serious matter that should not be handled lightly, but the act has gone over the top in trying to stop terrorism. The USA Patriot Act, enacted for p rotect America from further attacks, not only does little if anything to protect Americans, but rather undermines their civil rights. The Patriot Act targets not only terrorists, but also the American people which it intended to protect. This paper will primarily speak of the violations of the First and Fourth Amendments and the lack of checks and balances in relation to the USA Patriot Act.II. accentAfter the September 11th terrorist attacks, America was understandably frightened that this could happen again. Less than a week after the attacks the Bush administration introduced legislation that include items which had previously been voted down, sometimes repeatedly, by Congress. (Surveillance Under the USA Patriot Act)The Senate version of the Patriot Act, which closely resembled the legislation requested by Attorney General put-on Ashcroft, was sent straight to the floor with no discussion, debate, or hearings. Many Senators complained that they had little chance to read it muc h less analyze it before having to vote. In the House, hearings were held, and a carefully constructed compromise bill emerged from the Judiciary Committee. But then, with no debate or consultation with rank-and-file members, the House leadership threw out the compromise bill and replaced it with legislation that mirrored the Senate version. Neither discussion nor amendments were permitted, and once... ... feel rushed as they did with the signing of this Act. Congress should review some of the terminology in the Act such as the definition of Domestic terrorism to ensure we are not inadvertently including innocent individuals under the name of national security department.There should be a system of checks and balances where congress must review the methods the FBI, CIA and other law enforcement agencies are using in relation to wire taps, search warrants etc. Congress must ensure that the intelligence gathered is used in connection with terrorists and not just criminals in general . States and the private sector should get more involved in security at the airports, banking procedures and surveillance so that the federal government does not have complete control and overstep their boundaries. In conclusion, the idea behind the 2001 USA Patriot Act was a solid one made in a time of extreme duress and fearfulness. Now that we have had time to readjust and rightfully look at the consequences of this act, it is time to reevaluate and pass into law a modified version to keep in line with what our forefathers believed for our country.

2001 USA Patriot Act is Unconstitutional and Ineffective Essays

I. IntroductionIn the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks US Congress passed legislation known as the Uniting and Strengthening the States by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism bout of 2001 commonly known as the USA nationalist Act. This paper will attempt to prove that not only is the USA Patriot Act unconstitutional but many of its provisions do cypher at all to protect Americans from the dangers of terrorism.While this act made legislative changes that increased surveillance and the investigative powers of law enforcement agencies to protect America from further terrorist acts, the divergence of the USA Patriot Act has reduced the privacy rights of Americans and also does not provide for a system of checks and balances that safeguard civil liberties. Terrorism is a serious matter that should not be handled lightly, but the act has gone over the top in trying to stop terrorism. The USA Patriot Act, enacted for protecting A merica from further attacks, not only does little if anything to protect Americans, but rather undermines their civil rights. The Patriot Act targets not only terrorists, but also the American people which it intended to protect. This paper will primarily speak of the violations of the First and Fourth Amendments and the lack of checks and balances in relation to the USA Patriot Act.II. Background after(prenominal) the September 11th terrorist attacks, America was understandably frightened that this could happen again. Less than a week after the attacks the Bush administration introduced legislation that included items which had previously been voted down, sometimes repeatedly, by Congress. (Surveillance Under the USA Patriot Act)The Senate version of the Patriot Act, which closely resembled the legislation requested by Attorney General John Ashcroft, was send straight to the floor with no discussion, debate, or hearings. Many Senators complained that they had little chance to read it much less analyze it before having to vote. In the House, hearings were held, and a conservatively constructed compromise bill emerged from the Judiciary Committee. But then, with no debate or consultation with rank-and-file members, the House leadership threw out the compromise bill and replaced it with legislation that mirror the Senate version. Neither discussion nor amendments were permitted, and once... ... feel rushed as they did with the signing of this Act. Congress should review some of the terminology in the Act such as the translation of Domestic terrorism to ensure we are not inadvertently including innocent individuals under the name of national security.There should be a system of checks and balances where sexual congress must review the methods the FBI, CIA and other law enforcement agencies are using in relation to wire taps, search warrants etc. Congress must ensure that the scholarship gathered is used in connection with terrorists and not just criminals i n general. States and the private sector should get more involved in security at the airports, banking procedures and surveillance so that the federal government does not have complete control and overstep their boundaries. In conclusion, the idea behind the 2001 USA Patriot Act was a solid one made in a time of extreme duress and fearfulness. Now that we have had time to readjust and really get word at the consequences of this act, it is time to reevaluate and pass into law a modified version to keep in line with what our forefathers believed for our country.

Earthworm Biodiversity in an Arid Region of Rajasthan, India

Among the filthiness fauna, earthworms have an important role to improve district texture. The stain texture plays an important role in water holding capacity. Earthworms have an ability to enhance soil characteristics. It contributes to the breakdown of organic matter and disengage plant nutrients (Edwards and Bohlen, 1996). Earthworms are also considered as useful indicator of the health of soil ecosystem (Edwards and Bohlen, 1992) as to their role in soil fertility through atomization and mixed up the soil with mineral particle, enhancing microbial activity to breakdown plant organic matter.The contribution of earthworms in soil turnover, structure formation and lot as a fertility enhancer in different way. Earthworms are useful in land improvement and organic waste management (Edwards and Baker, 1992 Lavelle and Martin, 1992 Johnson, 1997 Villenave et al. , 1999). The dissemination and population density of various earthworm species have been correlated with soil type and a griculture land use (Haynes et al. , 2003 Sbrina et al. , 2009). The biodiversity of earthworms is influenced by physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and climatic conditions of habitats.Earthworms biodiversity is directly affected by soil characteristics (Edwards and Lofty, 1977). These community influencing factors are soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, C/N ratio, soil moisture and soil texture. Biodiversity is counted as human resources (Heywood, 1996). Recently, many biologists studied the biodiversity and distribution of earthworms in the different parts of the world (Blakemore, 2000, 2002, 2003 Change and Chen, 2004,2005 Blakemore et al. ,2006 Sautter et al. , 2006 Ghafoor et al. , 2008).Present study was done in Bikaner district, which is located in Thar desert of Rajasthan ranging 28. 01 N 73. 19 E. . The average rain fall in this force field is 10 to 15 only. Therefore, climatic conditions are adverse for organisms. Most of its area is irrigated with tube we lls and Indira Gandhi canal. Due to adverse conditions from a long period, there is still a few information about biodiversity and habitats. The present study exit revealed new basic information for further research on earthworms and its ecology and application of earthworms in agriculture sector.

The Assessment Process Essay

Introduction The assisting procedure is a manner for mankind profit professionals to assist those in demand. During the assisting procedure a human service professional is to give their support to lymph glands and to assist the lymph gland achieve their ends. and with the aid of the human service professional they can assist the client to mystify and turn more efficaciously in their lives. The Assessment Process Assessment is an on-going procedure that happens within all client contracts to assist derive and understand the strengths and demands of the client and the whole household.When utilizing appraisal it is to garner the needed information that will fit the client with suited operate. During the assessment procedure. the human service participator establishes who the client is. this is when a working relationship is formed and this is besides when all required consumption signifiers are filled out such as Insurance Information. Sketching the intent and services of the bur eau. Assurances of Confidentiality. Obtaining information releases ( McClam & A Woodside. 2012 ) . In the assisting stage following is the planning procedure. it helps to set up services.This is when persons are accepted into the bureau for services and they have met the eligibility standards and is now a client of the bureau ( McClam & A Woodside. 2012 ) . The planning procedure this is when the human service appurtenant and the client focuses on developing a service program and service bringing. During the planning procedure. helps to give the helper an apprehension of what services might be needed. The following procedure is the execution procedure. which is when the service program is carried out and evaluated.This procedure happens when the assistant provides services THE sagaciousness PROCESS 3 and is measuring the quality of services. The assistant oversees who is supplying services. how to supervise execution. how to work with other professionals and how to measure the s ervices. During the assisting procedure. the assistant is required to guide a instance reappraisal. write studies. and certification of all instances. Case reappraisal can happen during the hebdomadal meetings between the assistant and client and between the assistant and the supervisor.Case reappraisals are common during an appraisal. and instance reappraisals are a portion of the organisation and it helps to guarantee effectual service bringing to clients. Write studies are a manner for the assistant to maintain path of the services the client receives. and written studies paths information such as appraisals. planning. and execution. rating and the expiration of the instance ( McClam & A Woodside. 2012 ) . accompaniment is ever used. because it paperss the services of the bureau. length of plans. and provides.The helpers duty is to document all information accurately and in a timely mode. During the assisting procedure the clients engagement is besides of import. because the a ssistant establishes the clients ends. intent. and functions ( McClam & A Woodside. 2013 ) . Strength-based-approaches are used in each assisting procedure. In the appraisal procedure. the strength-based attack is rivet on the prescribed features. abilities. and the experiences of the client. The strength-based attack in the appraisal procedure. is to garner information about the clients demands and research resources.The assistant is more focussed on how to assist the client to be more successful ( McClam & A Woodside. 2012 ) . In the planning procedure. the strength-based attack is to understand the strength of the client for a more positive planning. The client-helper relationship gets stronger for a positive assisting procedure ( McClam & A Woodside. 2012 ) . Part of the strength-based attack in the planning procedure. the clients engagement is based on a short/long term ends that is good matched with the clients values and strengths ( McClam & A Woodside. 2012 ) .In the T HE ASSESSMENT PROCESS 4 execution procedure. the strength-based attack is skirt by the clients strengths. The helper attending is to the client in which the assistant emphasizes the values of self- finding and duties of the client. Ethical considerations is the codification of moralss that is really of import in the assisting procedure. Ethical consideration illustrates the clients right to self- regularizement. to make injury. advance fairness and equal entree to service. be responsible to clients. and be honest. Ethical considerations which is govern by the codifications of moralss. which is a guideline for pattern.The assistant is to maintain clients information confidential. THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS 5 Conclusion The assisting procedure is really of import. it is to assist clients in puting ends and existence successful in life. The assistant is to supply the client with the necessary resources. while maintaining the client information confidential at all times in the assisting p rocedure. THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS 6 Reference McClam. T. . & A Woodside. M. ( 2012 ) . The Helping Procedure Appraisal to Termination. Belmont. Calcium Brooks/Cole.

Communication Shc Essay

P bents and other prominents who come into the school are more(prenominal) liable(predicate) to give beneficial pledge if conference is strong and effective this, in turn, benefit pupils. Communication takes umteen different forms, from lecture to letters and memos for a churl care workers is very important to develop sound communion skills so they burn down communicate effectively. WHY PEOPLE COMMUNICATE? There are many reasons why people communicate such as * To give and receive information * To give and receive instructions Discuss a situation * nettle a point or outline a concern * Express a need * Negotiate * Develop learning 1. 2 EXPLAIN HOW powerful COMMUNICATION AFFECTS ALL ASPECTS OF YOUR WORK Effective communication is the key area for developing relationships with others and in any case covers many different forms of communication. It is a two- manner process. The mortal communication has to send the right message, but excessively needfully to make sure that it is being correctly received and understood by the other soulfulness or people.Communication involves talking or verbal communication, and non-talking or non-verbal communication. To communicate effectively you leave alone need to * Be very open air slightly what you are toilsome to narrate * Ensure that the person you are talking to understands what you are saying to them * Showing valuate and considering the other childs or adults point of view * Have a rapport with the child or adult you are communicating with * Taking time to listen to others * Being clear on key points Maintaining a sense of humour (laughter drive out be a good icebreaker and is also a great way of relaxing and relieving stress) * Find opportunities to speak (some children lack confidence and need to be given a chance to warm-up first so that they feel able to do so) * Give mettle contact and actively listen (if you look away or are restless doing something else, this gives the recipient the message that you are not real interested in what they are saying) * Use body dustup and facial expressions, and be approachable(for example, with very young children, get down to their level) * React and comment on what they are saying (you whitethorn need to repeat back to pupils to check on your understanding * Be interested, responding and questioning to maintain parley so that they goat build up an understanding near how it works * The age of the child or young person ( children of different ages will require varying levels of attention) The benefits of good communication are * Your relationship with the children * Your relationship with colleagues * Your relationship with parents 1. 3 EXPLAIN WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO OBSERVE AN INDIVIDUAL REACTIONS WHEN YOU ARE COMMUNICATING WITH THEM?When communicating with children or adults it is important to take account individuals feelings and what they require to say. You can do this by carefully observing a variety of reactions such as * Facial expressions and nerve centre contact * Body language posture and actions or gestures which help to convey meaning * Tone of voice this can alter the meaning of what has been said * Pauses * unloose taking * Take account of culture and context, such as where English is an additional language * Build a rapport by showing understanding, respect and honesty It is thought that more than 70% of messages are conveyed through non-verbal ways. NON-VERBAL REACTIONS Facial expressions They can be a way to find out how someone feels. almost facial expressions have the same meaning all over the world, but some cultures inhibit the expression of certain emotions, such as anger or disgust. EYE CONTACT pluralitys eyes can express a wide range of emotions. People whitethorn have intense eye contact because they are trying to understand you. However, some cultures or people whitethorn avoid eye contact when they do not understand or agree with you, want to avoid showing their feeling s or fear negative feedback. Eye contact has five important functions in communications 1. It regulates the flow of conversation 2. It controls intimacy in a relationship 3. It gives feedback 4. It express emotion 5. It informs both vocaliser and listener BODY LANGUAGE Your body language can much indicate your attitudes and emotions. If the person you are communicating with has arms crossed over their chest, this may indicate anger or tension (closed position = communication barrier) * If they slope forward with separated arms and legs, this communicates warmth and friendliness (open communication) * Indifference to your communication may be expressed through shoulders shugs, raised arms, and outstretched hands * prehend fists and hunching may convey anger * Slouched shoulders may convey a lack of confidence * A posture with the shoulders back in a relaxed position makes it more likely that others will view you as self-confident GESTURES It is important to learn to observe and u nderstand as much as you can about gestures of the adults and children you are communicating with. * People often use gestures such as head and hand movements to reveal or conceal feelings.They can use them to add emphasis, to flesh out points, and to manage turn-taking * A nod may encourage others to continue talking. Some of these gestures may be used as part of a signed language such as Makaton or as an aid to verbal communication in a noisy environs, such a the floor of a busy factory. TOUCH It is one of our most basic forms of communication and it is associated with comfort. It is also a non-verbal communication. The amount of everyday touch which we will allow people to have with us is also culturally determined. VOICE TONE Paralanguage is the way in which language is spoken. By altering our tone of voice or changing its pitch, we can convey different emotions. An example of paralanguage is whispered speech.Paralanguage features include the tone of voice (such as flat or b right), the tempo (fast or slow), and the way in which we emphasise certain words. 2. 2 DEMONSTRATE COMMUNICATION METHODS Effective communication happens when the right method is used to send a message so it can be received and understood. Early years practitioners need to know about a range of communication methods. They should also be skilled at identifying the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of children and adults in the setting. Children and young peoples care settings are used by people from a diverse range of backgrounds who will want to communicate in different ways. Finding out about each individuals language needs, wishes and preferences is an important part of your role.You can do this by * ask parents whether their children have particular language or communication needs * reading reports and notes that provide information on a childs * speech and language development, learning difficulties, disabilities (such as hearing or visual impairment) or physical conditions that affect communication abilities (for example, cleft palate) * being aware that an adult or childs culture, ethnicity and nationality may affect their language preferences and needs * observing the children and adults who use your setting to see how they use their communication and language skills * asking your supervisor or mentor, senior(a) staff and specialist professionals (such as speech and language therapists and SENCOs) for information, advice and sponsor when communicating with children or adults who have special communication needs.You may need to communicate with adults (parents, work colleagues, visitors or other professionals) who have special communication needs as a result of a hearing or visual impairment, or because English is not their first language. Meeting an individuals needs, wishes and preferences Talking is not the only way of communication with adults and children in a setting. There are different ways of communication that may be u sed during the day, such as * telephone * email * video conferencing * letters * memos * blab language * interpreting 2. 3 HOW AND WHEN TO SEEK ADVICE ABOUT COMMUNICATION There may be situations in which you feel unsure about how you should communicate with a child or adult. Perhaps you will be aware that you are struggling to communicate effectively with somebody.In situations like these, you should seek advice and obtain support. You can do this by * talking to your supervisor, mentor or line manager about the difficulty ask for their advice about how to deal withthe problem * talking to communication or language support specialists (teachers, psychologists or speech and language therapists) who work at or spend time in your work setting. When to look for support * When you are anxious about approaching an individual * When you are not sure how to deal with a situation * When child uses another language * When you want to improve your relationship with an individual * When commu nication is not effective * When you feel communication is not effective If you want to learn how to communicate in a way such as signing or an individuals home language * If you find out an adult or child has communication needs Where to look for support * Always talk first to the line manager, who may be able to advise you or work with you to seek support * Then she/he will advise you where to find support, and will probably be the person to find appropriate support if it is external * If you work in a childrens centre you are likely to have support services to help both children and adults develop their communication skills BE ABLE TO curb BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION Knowing about different barriers to effective communication will enable you to avoid potential difficulties and adapt your communication approach when this is necessary.Barriers to communicate are things that interfere with a persons ability to send, receive or understand a message. These may be physical, organisation al, personal, to do with language and culture or to do with the presentation of information. Attitudinal example Language and culture WAYS TO REDUCE BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION Barriers to communication can often be overcome, or at least reduced by making changes to the environment, adapting your approach or by using support services such as SENCO (Special Educational Needs Coordinator). Adapting the environment Environmental changes might include * replacing poor lighting with brighter lighting * reducing background noise or creating some quiet areas putting up multilingual posters and displaying signs cl earliest * fitting electronic devices such as induction loop systems for hearing-impaired people. Adapting your approach to communication In order to improve communication, former(a) years practitioners can adapt their approach by * making sure they can be seen distinctly, facing both the light and the person they are talking to * making sure their mouth is visible when s peaking * minimising background noise * using eyes, facial expressions and gestures to communicate as necessary and appropriate. Timing Speaking clearly and slowly, and repeating or rephrasing what you say can make communication more effective for some children and adults.The speed or pace of communication may need to be slower if a person has a hearing or visual impairment, a learning disability or is anxious and confused. It is also important to allow time for the person to digest your communication and to respond. This can mean making silences comfortable while the person works out how to reply. using support services and specialist devices Early years practitioners should understand the language needs and communication preferences of the children and adults with whom they work. If a child or adult has difficulty communicating in English or has sensory impairments or disabilities that affect their communication skills, specialist communication support may be needed.Learning a f ewer words of another persons language or developing some basic sign language skills can really help an early years practitioner to establish a positive, supportive relationship with a child and their parents. HOW TO ENSURE THAT COMMUNICATION HAS BEEN UNDERSTOOD There are various ways that you can find out if your communication has been successful. If you can do this, it can help to solve any issues that arise and stop barriers from developing. participating listening Active listening involves paying close attention to what the other person is saying, while also noticing their non-verbal communication. People who are good at active listening also tend to be skilled at using minimal prompts. These are things like nods of the head, Mm sounds and encouraging words like Yes, I see or Go on.Skilful use of minimal prompts encourages the person you are communicating with to keep speaking or to say a little more. clear up or repeating You can ensure that your communication has been unders tood by clarifying (repeating back, summarising or rephrasing) aspects of what the person has said during the conversation. You could say something like, Can I bonny check that you meant ? or, Do you mean ? You should try not to clarify too often in a conversation as this will interrupt the speakers flow it might also make them think you are parroting, which may appear insincere. 3. 4 SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND SUPPORT OR SERVICES FOR much EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONRoyal National Institute for the Deaf (RNID) They give support to people with hearing and sight loss with agencies in different areas. necktie of Sign Language Interpreters Qualified in sign language professionals help people who are hard of hearing to communicate. Royal National Institute for the screen door Agencies in different areas give visually impaired people support in communicating. Teaching Development Agency Have courses to support teaching assistants functional with children in schools. Common Assessment F ramework (CAF) Give practitioners a right to seek support in communicating with parents and children who have specific needs. Department of gentilityThe government website or your local authority website gives information about local agencies that will help to communicate with families from a variety of cultures and religions. BIBLIOGRAPHY Children & Young Peoples workforce by Heinemann Pages 2-20 www. collinseducation. com/resources/hsclevel2chapter1. pdf Pages 1-15 PRESENTED BY MONICA BELALCAZAR INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION UNIT SHC 1. 2 CYPW L2 KNOWLEDGE TASK PART TWO 4. 1 WHAT IS CONFIDENTIALITY Confidentiality is not about keeping secrets it is about protecting an individuals right to privacy. You may obtain private, personal information from children or parents as part of your work role.As an early years practitioner you have a duty to * keep personal information about children and families private * only share information about children and families with those who have a right to know or when a parent has given permission. Your workplace will have a confidentiality policy that sets out the rules and procedures on sharing confidential information. You should read this and make sure that you follow it in your practice. You may be asked to sign a confidentiality agreement as part of your employment contract. Again, you should have a clear understanding of what this means in practice. Cross reference with TDA 2. 2 assessment criteria 3. 5 4. 3 SITUATIONS WHERE CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION big businessman NEED TO BE PASSED ON There may be times when you have to reveal what you have been told, or have seen, to a more senior person at work or to an external organisation.A parent, child or colleagues request that you maintain confidentiality can be overridden if * what they say suggests that a child may be at risk of harm * they reveal information that can be used to protect another person from harm * a court or a statutory organisation, such as OFSTED, asks for specific information about a child. * If a child needs additional support from other professionals * If a child is suspected to be in a situation that risks their safety * If an adult has disclosed information that may raise concerns over their ability to carry out daily duties in your setting * If an outside body such as Ofsted requests to see an adults or childs records When should you seek advice about confidentiality It is best to treat everything you learn about children and their families in your workplace as confidential information it is prudent to check with your supervisor before you pass on confidential information.Similarly, it is always best to signalize your supervisor if you receive any information that concerns you. If someone wants to tell you something in confidence, you should say that you may not be able to keep the information to yourself because part of your job involves safeguarding childrens welfare. It is then up to the person to decide whether to tel l you or not. Always do this in an area where nobody else can overhear what you are saying. It is better to seek advice verbally rather than using communication such as email, which other adults could access. BIBLIOGRAPHY Children & Young Peoples workforce by Heinemann Pages 2-20 www. collinseducation. com/resources/hsclevel2chapter1. pdf Pages 28-29

Examine how the C.B.D (Central Business District) of Belfast changed along chosen transects

AimThe aim of this investigation is designed to examine how the C.B.D (Central Business District) of capital of Northern Ireland changed along chosen transects, from bingle side of the city centre to the other. The study should in addition mark out the limits of the Belfast C.B.D. and to examine the character of the Belfast C.B.DFor my investigation, I am studying these pursuance areas1. High street2. Donegal Place3. castling Street4. Royal Avenue5. Castle Lane6. Ann Street7. North Street8. Bedford Street/ Dublin pass9. Chichester Street10. May Street11. Howard StreetData Collection ProcedureThe triplet class congregations studying Geography in Year 11 depart be required to carry out measurements and observations along various stopping points on a transect, starting from the middle of the C.B.D (McDonalds) and following a road outward towards the edge of the C.B.D. Each transect get out be a distance of no more than 1 Km.Each class go out be divided into three smaller group s and with a supervising teacher, will take the measurements shown in the possibleness below at regular intervals of 100 metres. Our class was divided into one group of 10, two groups of 9 and each of them will be tending(p) certain transects.Each class will choose a different transect and at the end, we will pool our results to get an overall impression of how the C.B.D. changes from one side to the other. supposalI will be investigating the following 10 hypothesisHypothesis One Belfasts CBD has one street / avenue which has the greatest primer cheer, from which other streets earth value drop.To measure this, I will be recording the addresses of the shops and I will make an inquiry to the land register to find out the price of the land.Hypothesis Two Pedestrian flow increases with increasing land valueTo measure this, I will be recording the amount of pedestrians in that transect, so I will learn to count and record the numbers on a tally sheet. Also, I will use the schooli ng given by the land registrar.Hypothesis Three Shop frontage increases with increasing land value.To measure this, I will need to measure the length of shop frontage I will be cadence using a truckle bed wheel. Also, I will use the information given by the land registrar.Hypothesis Four Building height increases with increasing land value.To measure this, I will be measuring the height of buildings along chosen transects, measuring in storeys and land use classification. Also, I will use the information given by the land registrar.Hypothesis Five Vehicle traffic flow decreases with increasing land value.To measure this, I will be measuring the figure of vehicles moving through transects both sides of the road. To measure, I will count and record the numbers on a tally sheet. Also, I will use the information given by the land registrar.Hypothesis Six Street quality improves with increasing land value.To measure this, I will be measuring shop and street quality by using the shopp ing/street survey index and measure the attractiveness for shoppers in an area of a C.B.D. Also, I will use the information given by the land registrar.Hypothesis Seven Shop frontage decreases with increasing distance from the centre of the C.B.D*To measure this, I will need to measure the length of shop frontage I will be measuring using a trundle wheel.Hypothesis Eight rural area value drops with increasing distance from the centre of the C.B.D*To measure this, I will be recording the addresses of the shops and I will make an inquiry to the land registry to find out the price of the land.Hypothesis Nine Street quality deteriorates with increasing distance from the centre of the C.B.D*To measure this, I will be measuring shopping and street quality by using the shopping/street survey index and measure the attractiveness for shoppers in an area of a C.B.D.Hypothesis Ten Vehicle traffic flow increases with increasing distance from the centre of C.B.D*To measure this, I will be measu ring the type of vehicles moving through transects both sides of the road. To measure, I will count and record the numbers on a tally sheet.* Centre of C.B.D. means crossroads at Primark (Castle Street/ Donegal Place) purpose of study AreaFor my investigation, I am studying these following areas1. High Street 7. North Street2. Donegal Place 8. Bedford Street/ Dublin Road3. Castle Street 9. Chichester Street4. Royal Avenue 10. May Street5. Castle Lane 11. Howard Street6. Ann StreetWhat is a C.B.D?The Central Business District (CBD) is at the heart of any city. It is the part of the city where most business is conducted. The Central Business District (CBD) is generally located in the centre of a town or city with all routeways leading to it, making it the most accessible place in the city. Consequently, it is the most intensively used part of the city and as a result competition for space to conduct business is great thitherfore land values are high and only large businesses brush asidenister locate there. That is why no houses can locate there.A History of BelfastBelfast lies in a geographical basin it grew at the utmost convenient crossing point of the River lagend, where the river Farset joined the main river. Rolling hills that are broken only by Belfast Lough, into which the River Lagan flows, surrounds Belfast. North of the Lough youll see sabotage Hill.Belfast is a new City.Three hundred years ago, it hardly existed, yet it has grown since, more quickly than any other city in the British Isles. In the 1500s Arthur Chichester established a Garrison site. Although not especially defensive in character, the presence of Belfast Castle indicates that there was a need for defense. It can also be described as a Wet Point Site, beside the River Lagan where there was an available water supply. It was a site full in resources. E.g. stone and wood (needed for settlement). In prehistoric times the Lagan Valley was full of forest and swamps. There was also plent y of flat land for building and the area was also sheltered from strong northerly winds.Belfast grew at the lowest convenient crossing point of the river Lagan, where the river Farset joined the main river. A sand spit formed making fording easy. Belfast can also be described as a wet point site, beside the river Lagan where there was an available water supply it was a rich site in resources. Belfast is built on a untroubled site because there were fertile soils, flat land and good reliable water supply. The bridging point meant that the area was passed on a regular basis making the area leave good trade links- This was as well as the ports. It was near to many other big towns and cities via roads and port.In 1613, James 1st erected Belfast as a corporate borough. There was a castle and a few cabins, it was a garrison town.Belfast grew fast and in 1685, the population was 600. Belfast looked handle thisThis is the 17th Century Garrison Town. English and Scots were inside walls an d the Irish were outside. Belfast grew to port and market with some administrative functions. Population by 1718 was 18,300.Belfast grew quite large and by the 19th Century it grew and looked like thisIn 1785, Linen hall opened. 19th Century Belfast was a period of industrialisation (which meant rapid growth) Port facilities were strained and water supply was inadequate. Cotton industry created capital to improve resourcesIn 1800, the first dock was constructed, in 1819 the first decant boat came from Liverpool. In 1823, there was gas lighting, 1830, machines spinning of linen yarn. 1836 saw the birth of Ulster Railway. From 1840s attempts were made to plan part of cities growth. 1851-population was 100,300. .Belfast Today in the twenty-first Century.Belfast City Centre is Northern Irelands premier commercial, retail and administrative centre and its future well-being and prosperity are important, not only for the economy of the Belfast Urban Area, but for Northern Ireland as a wh ole. The C.B.D. plays a vital role as a focus for government, business, shopping, leisure, cultural and social activities, also at the hub of the transportation network.The City Centre has a significant number of assets which provide a solid foundation on which a build a new image for Belfast. The individual and beautiful setting created by the surrounding hills, the Lough and the River Lagan provides a unique context in which the other positive features of the C.B.D. can be appreciated. These include1. A compact shopping centre2. A substantial office district3. Good cultural and entertainment facilities4. A good transportation infrastructure5. A historic street pattern and a legacy of fine buildings and townscape6. A significant waterfront resource

Meaning of life †Philosophy of life Essay

What is the meaning of flavor? The answer to this question has sought over since human became capable of exercising their brain capacity away a level of primal instinct. In customary life is rather meaningless, we all simply exist together on this planet. But before unmatchable dwells on the pointlessness of human existence, they should think about the purpose of each individual person in our society. We create goals for ourselves we all have a role to play in our society. In a sense, we choose our future and in doing so, give ourselves a purpose to live.The purpose of human existence in general may be absent, but in our society and through our goals and achievements, I believe each individual creates their own purpose. Through one question I realized this great truth what do you want to be when you grow up? For the longest time, I didnt know what I wanted to be when I grew up. What did it matter to me anyway? I was a kid (well, I suppose I still am) and didnt like any of the g eneric seams they t oldish us about in elementary school.Police force, teachers, fireman, none of them interested me. Then, in middle school, my life changed, a lot. I got completely new friends, after the old ones left me behind. I slowly started to become more and more enclosed, I spent most of my time out of school alone. As I veritable into this over-dramatic teenage state, life suddenly became meaningless. I would often scram myself sitting bored in my room, mindlessly surfing the internet or playing videogames.I slowly started to hate it it was like I could feel my brain melting inside my head. I needed to find a more constructive hobby, and so I found myself musical instruments and started creating more and more music every day. Music became my life and from then on, I knew that my goal, the meaning of my life, was to become a musician. I believe that life was meant to be enjoyed nobody wants to spend their life in a dead end job. After all, just how much meaning is in an unhappy life?Just ask Monty Pythons John Cleese, who states, If I had not gone into Monty Python, I probably would have stuck to my original plan to tweak and become a chartered accountant, or perhaps a barrister lawyer, and gotten a nice house in the suburbs with a nice wife and kids, and gotten a unsophisticated club membership, and then I would have killed myself. I find this quote strongly inspiring because instead of choosing a highly respectable, well paying job and living a comfortable life, he choose to work with some of most popular men to ever wear womans clothing. japery is what he finds gives meaning to his life, and although his second choices would have been nice, Cleese didnt find as much value in them as he did in Monty Python. Perhaps life itself is meaningless, but I believe it doesnt have to be. I believe that a happy life is a meaningful one. I believe that mankind may not collectively have a reason for existence or a common goal, but each individual certainly does. I believe that each and every person has to create their own reason to live, instead of waiting for that reason to come to them, or they must just find themselves waiting forever.

A Place You Would Like to Visit or to Live in

There are beautiful places on the whole around the world. We all enjoy the M opposite Nature. It is a gift to us. I would like to visit and travel all around the world, but the place which is most appealing to me personally is Coimbatore, which is in southern India. It is a beautiful place with scenic views. It is famous for textiles and textile machineries, so it is called the Manchester of South India.The reason I like Coimbatore is for its educational institutions, industries and climate.Firstly, the educational system is one of the best in the country. There are over 63 colleges and universities in and around Coimbatore. For example Some of them including PSG group of institutions, Avinashilingam university are truly good in imparting good education and offer various branches in the field of arts, engineering, medicine etc. To settle down in a place like this, we dont have to be worried about my familys education.Secondly, Coimbatore is a place with black soil on reason cotto n grows well in this soil. So the industries are based on this. Coimbatore is one of the largest producers of textiles. Business is done in small and large scale industries, this gives line of reasoning opportunities for many people around the place.Thirdly, the weather in this place is awesome and satisfying experience. For example for the most part of the year it is cool and pleasant. Unlike other parts of India this is bordered by western Ghats on the western side, which is one of the vital reason for this climate.

Negative Effects on Children Essay

P bents are alike busy earning a living so that they roll in the hay feed, cloth and educate their children. Consequently, they spend much epoch away from home and from their children. Since their parents are non around, the children have no choice but to spend their time in social movement of the telecasting. It then goes with aside saying that children spend a lot of time in front of the boob tube set where they are open(a) to finish up and force play. The question then is does the exposure to raise and violence have negative effect on children?There is no simple or obvious answer. well-nigh people whitethorn argue that the excite and violence on picture receiver does not have negative effect on children. This group of people conceptualize that that the amount of sex and violence on television set is not enough to warrant the change in the behavior of the children. More over, that almost children are too young to understand the scenes on television, anyway. Oth ers til now may argue that exposure to sex and violence, however limited it may be, does have negative effectuate on the children.It influences them to commit antisocial and sometimes immoral behavior. Nevertheless, it is important to analyze the issue critic every last(predicate) toldy before settling for any one conclusion. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION The media has some(prenominal) positive and negative influences on children. On the one hand, it provides their growing minds with information. On the other hand, it withal provides them with negative information in the form of knowledgeable and red content that corrupts their young minds (Singer & Singer, 2002).According to Josephson, when children watch television, they understand the content in very different ways. How they understand the television content is highly influenced by their ages, their fear spans and too their life experiences (1995). Case in point. Think about children who are less than five years old and the k ind of attention span they have. Yes they may take the time to sit in front of the television, but after a few minutes they depart have gotten restless and moved on to some other activity, say playing with their toys or just running around.More over, even though these children may appear to be cave ining adjacent attention to the scenes on television, it is very likely that in their minds, they may fail to register what the exact content of program is. It is only the maturate, much older, children and adults who are open(a) of discerning program content. According to Cameron, this is beca delectation most children under that age of seven cannot easily class fantasy and reality from each other. To them its all one and the same thing. At this stage of their development, it is hard for the children to understand the motives and justifications for the violence on television (2009).Children are unaware of whether the characters on television are real or not. Consequently, Bugs Bunn y is just as real as the news anchor. Therefore, since the child does not know what is real and what is not, it is then possible then possible that they will also not be able to distinguish whether or not to copy what they see. It is for this savvy that it would be incorrect to conclude with certainty that indeed all the sex and violence on television does have negative effects on children.It is only after the age of two that children begin to really pay attention on what is on television. As the children grow older, they learn to differentiate between what they see on television and reality. By the time these children grow into teenagers and adulthoods they channelize their focus from television preferring to instead spend their time on other activities such as developing relationships with their peers of the opposite sex. Nevertheless, it is during adolescent that sex and violence on television may have a greater impact on the children.Those without guidance may try out what the y see on television. Thus, it is important to acknowledge that it is the amount of time that a child spends in front of the television that really matters. According to Huesmann, children who consistently watch violent programs on television are more likely to be negatively affected than their counterparts who do not. Think about it. A child who frequently watches Monday night wrestling, which by all standards may be described as a violent program, is more likely to try wrestling with his friends.What is even more interesting is that the child may also attempt using the same wrestling behaviors, as seen on television, as a way of solving conflicts with others (2001). Thus, children who watch/are clear to violence on television are more aggressive (Jonassen & Harris, 2003). According to Greenspan, in the process, these children are bound to injure not only themselves but others in the process (2007). Concurrently, children who habitually watched television programs raced with sexu al content were much more likely to be involved than their counterparts who were not.According to Stein, frequent watch of sexual content on television was a big influence in teen pregnancy (2008). It is probable that the children may requisite to try out what they may have watched and the consequences in this causal agency are teenage pregnancy. Nathanson & Cantor (1998), argue that at some point in time children will be exposed to television it is unavoidable. It may not happen in their homes. Children may go visiting their friends where they may have to watch television meaning they may be exposed to sex and violence.It is so up to parents to protect their children from prolonged exposure to sex and violence on television. The simplest way of doing this is by restricting the number of hours that children actually spend in front of the television. Rather than letting children watch television after school, parents may choose to enroll their children in such after school activi ties such as association football practice or ballet. Such activities are sure to keep children away from exposure to negative TV programs.Even when children are left under the keeping of a nanny, parents should leave strict instructions on just how much time their children should be allowed to watch television. It would also be important if the parents themselves were to change their television watching habits. In most instances, toddlers are heavily influenced by their parents (Josephson, 1995). Therefore, if the parents were to stay away from the television but instead partake in other activities, their children would come after suit. This way the parents would not have to worry about the television negatively affecting their children.Another way that parents may protect their children is by letting children watch television programs that have PG rating. The idea behind this concept is that parents should watch a television program first before they let their children. The pr imary(prenominal) idea here is for the parents to determine the suitability of the program. PG also means that parents should watch the program with their children so that they may offset any negative effects. By all standards, PG rating is good and workable idea. However, according to Cameron, very few parents may want to do this (2009).SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH STUDY Most of the research that has been carried out has focused on the effects of television violence on children. However, according to Eyal & Kunkel, at that place has also been research whose aim was to show the association between the watching of sex on television and pregnancy among teenagers. The argument is that there is a relationship between the exposure of children and young adults and their expectations about sex and also their scrap in premarital sex (2008). One such study was published in 2008 in the Journal of American Academy of Pediatrics.According to Chandra, Martino, Collins, Elliot, Berry, Kanouse & Mlu , while there was increasing evidence (from previous studies and research) that the exposure of children/youth to sexual content on television is a big influence on their sexual attitudes and behavior, the studies were yet to establish the king of association that existed between the exposure of children to sexual content and adolescent/teen pregnancy. Accordingly, the study by Chandra et al, sought to establish this relationship (2008). The participants were some 2000 children between the ages of 12 and 17 years.These children were tracked for period of trey years till they were aged 15 and 20 years. The participants by interviewed by telephone. According to Chandra et al, the participants who accomplished the sample were drawn from a list of house holds that had been commercially purchased. the researchers were careful to select the households that had a high probability of housing adolescents aged between the ages of 12 and 17 years. The final study sample therefore comprised o f 57% males, 665 white, 12% Hispanics and 17% blacks all of them adolescents with an average age 18. 1 years. Survey, was the chosen research design.The field was meant to measure and collect data on the television viewing habits of the adolescents, their knowledge of sexual matters, In addition, their behaviors and attitudes towards sex plus demographic and psychosocial variable, such as age, sex and education level which are known to predict sexual behavior, were also measured (2008). As a way of encouraging the participants to respond to the look back questions, the survey was conducted in private. From the survey, it was established that to a great extent the exposure of children/teens to sexual content on television was a big predictor of teen pregnancy.From the research, the teens that were exposed to high levels of sexual content on television were found to be twice as likely to experience pregnancy in the subsequent three years. The reverse was true for those who had lower levels of exposure. So, 25% of those who watched frequently watched sexual content on television were involved in a pregnancy. The number was high compared to that of the adolescents who watched the least which stood at 12% (Chandra et al, 2008). The results of the study go to show that indeed habitual exposure to sexual content on television does have negative effects on children.From the study, most of the children who frequently watched sexual content on television were subsequently involved in a pregnancy compared to their counterparts who did not watch sexual content on the television much. Accordingly, there is a link between the exposure of children to sex and sexual content on television and the negative effects of pregnancy. Thus, it is clearly evident that sex, and even violence, on television has negative effects on children, more so when the exposure is frequent, prolonged and unsupervised. It is for this actor that the exposure of children and violence on television s hould be restricted.For instance, by watching television with their children and discussions the depictions of sex on television, they may be able to tone down the influence of the sex and the violence (Chandra et al, 2008). CRITICAL ANALYSIS Most of the information contained in earnings sites, into the question of whether all the sex and violence on television has negative effects on children, does indeed provide information to the affirmative. Children spend a lot of time in front of the television from an early age. When children are young, say between the ages of two and five, the sex and the violence cannot be said to have influence on them.This is because children are very young and are not able to tell fantasy from reality. More over, they have a limited attention span which makes their concentration and internalization of the content on television impossible. However, it is when children are all enceinte up, into their teens that the sex and violence can be said to have so me kind of effect on children. When children are older, they are also more mature and therefore able to differentiate fantasy from fiction. Furthermore, the fact that they are older means they may try out what they watch on television. There is blind drunk evidence behind this information.For instance, it has been reported that children who watch wrestling duplicate the same aggressive behaviors that they watch on television. They are openly aggressive towards their peers. Sometimes, they even use the same behaviors to solve their conflicts with their peers. However, the internet information goes on to explain that children have to be exposed to prolonged sex and violence on television for there to be negative effects. More over, that the children who are frequently exposed to the sex and violence on television are more susceptible to the negative effects.It is for this reason that parents restrict how much time their children spend in front of the televisions. The research study a lso goes to provide information on the link between frequent exposure of children to sexual content in television and negative effects, in this case pregnancy. There is strong evident in support of this. Of the 2000 children who were surveyed in the research, 25% of those who had frequent exposure to sexual content were found to be more likely to be involved in a pregnancy in subsequent years.This was as compared to 12% of those who were not as frequently exposed to sex and sexual content on television. Just like the information compared in the internet sources, as soon as children are old enough to differentiate between fantasy and reality it is very likely that with prolonged exposure, they may want to try out what they see in television. Again, it is prolonged exposure that makes all the difference. The best way of mitigating the negative effects of exposure to sex and violence on television, parents should watch and discuss how sex and even violence is portrayed in television.Th is would also help to reduce the number of teenage pregnancies. CONCLUSION It is evident that television content, sex and violence, has some negative effects on children. It is true that quite a large number of children watch television and are therefore exposed to sex and violence. Nevertheless, it is important to note that not all these children who are exposed are susceptible to the negative effects. Certain groups of children are more prone to playing out what they see on television. It is this group that is likely to aggressive and or immoral.This is the group of children that has prolonged and frequent exposure to sex and violence on television. It is for this reason that exposure to television is limited. Thus, it may be correct to conclude that all the sex and violence on television has negative effects on children. However, it is also important to note that it is only prolonged exposure to the sex and the violence that results in the negative effects. It is the children wh o frequently watch television programs laced with sex and violence that are more likely to be aggressive and promiscuous as compared to their counterparts who do not.According to the information contained in this report, negative influences of sex and violence on television only become visible when the children are much older. Thus, it remains largely unclear as to wherefore frequent exposure of adolescents to violence and sex on television influences then negatively, After all, are they not at an age where they are capable of differentiating mature from wrong fiction (what is on television and reality (what they should not do) and therefore refrain from engaging in certain activities?More research may be necessary to provide insight into the reasons why children prefer to act out the negativity they view on television rather than on the positive. Is there, for instance, more gratification in doing what is considered negative as compared to doing what is right? Answers to these qu estions may shed more light on to why sex and violence has negative effects on children at all.REFERENCESCameron, J. (2009). The view on TV violence. iafrica. com. Retrieved 15 April, 2009 from http//lifestyle.iafrica. com/parenting/fatherhood/274094. htm Chandra, A. , Martino, S. , Collins, R. , Elliot, M. , Berry, S. , Kanouse, D. & Mlu, A. (2008). Does watching sex on television predict teen pregnancy? Findings from a national longitudinal survey of youth. Pediatrics. 122(5) 1047. Eyal, Keren & Kunkel, D. (2008). The effects of television drama shows on emerging adults sexual attitudes and moral judgments. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 52 (2) 161.

Prison culture

chance upon and Synthesis You get out conduct an in-depth, I-hour interview with an individual or married couple from your selected ethnic classify to develop an understanding of the cultural factors that helped shape that individuals (or couples) cultural identity. A variety of Issues may be explored in the Interview. The knowledge you gained from Parts 1 and 2, as well as your sense of the person/couple you Interview, will gulled you in how personal you outhouse get with your questions. Cultural conclaves and Individuals ray on how private they are. SE their feedback regarding what areas you can probe. If the person is very open, go deeper. If not, then respect that cultural edge and ask yourself why this boundary is there. Issues that you may wish to explore during the interview include, but are not limited to, the following 1. ahead of time childhood experiences and parental values 2. Earliest memories of recognizing membership in a cultur onlyy different group 3. The rol e of religion/spirituality 4. Immigration experiences 5. Similarities/differences between couples interactions in the U. S. Compared to in he persons original farming 6.School experiences as a member of a cultural minority 7. Experiences with subtle racism or discrimination 8. Experiences with overt racism or discrimination 9. Ways the person/couple chose his/her/their rush(s) or made career choices 10. The experience of being culturally different 1 1 . Attitudes about the majority culture 12. terminus of desire to assimilate majority cultural attitudes, values, and lifestyles 13. Feelings of oppression 14. Feelings of anger toward majority culture 15. From the persons/couples own cultural play down, are there any racist attitudes toward or stereotyping of individuals from other particular cultures? 6. Strengths identified from the persons/couples cultural background that help him/ her/them cope with living in the U. S. Once your Interview Is done, you will answer the questions below. Read all the questions before you begin so you will not repeat yourself. First person may be used in your answers. While this is not a regular academic paper (since it can be in outline form, consists of answering questions, and can be in first persons you must observe enlighten and current PAP style (1 margins, h indents of paragraphs, everything bubble-spaced, correct citation style if used, etc. ).

Himachal Predesh

Himachal Pradesh (Hindi matl prde ( listen)) is a pronounce in Northern India. It is spread e veryplace 21,495 sq mi (55,670 km2),3 and is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet in bloodsucking Region on the east.Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty.4 After the war between Nepal and Britain, also cognise as the Anglo-Gorkha War (18141816), the British colonial g everyplacenment came into power. In 1950 Himachal was decl atomic number 18d a union territory, simply after the utter of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal e integrate as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the states name is In the lap of Himalayas. It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.The economy of Himachal Pradesh is soon the third fastest ontogenesis economy in India.c itation needed Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. The abundance of perennial rivers enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to different states such as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.Himachal Pradesh is the least urbanized state in India with nearly 90% of community living in ag slackeningic reach, but the Shimla regulate is comparatively urbanized with nearly 25% population living in an urban ara. According to a 2005 Transp bency Inter issue survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least bumble state in the country after Kerala.Contents1 History 2 Geography and climate 3 vegetation and fauna 4 Subdivisions 5 administration 5.1 principal Ministers of Himachal Pradesh 6 Agriculture 7 Economy 8 Heritage 9 Transport 10 Demographics 10.1 Languages 11 Culture 11.1 Food 11.2 Famous plurality 12 Educat ion 12.1 Universities and colleges 13 Media and communication 14 State profile 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External linksHistory primary(prenominal) article History of Himachal PradeshThe history of the bea that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back up to the time when the Indus v onlyey civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE.7 Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars and Kirats inhabited the expanse from pre-historic era. During the Vedic period, approximately(prenominal) small republics known as Janapada existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including nigh Rajput principalities.These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the tenth century. Timu r and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hillocks of the state and captured a number of fortifications and fought manybattles. Several hill states hold Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals. Sansar Chand (c.17651823)The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They unify their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However Gorkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came low Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat the Gorkhas began to expand towards the south of the state.However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with th e British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj. The British gradually e structured as the paramount power. In the revolt of 1857, or offshoot Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in otherwise parts of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, re of import(prenominal)ed more or less inactive. Some, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt. Rock lower Temple, MasroorThe British territories came under the British Crown after Queen Victorias proclamation of 1858. The states of Chamba, Mandi and Bilaspur make good shape up in many fields during the British rule.7 During dry land War I, virtually all rulers of the hill states rebrinyed doglike and contributed to the British war effort, both in the form of men and materials. Among these were the states of Kangra, Jaswan, Datarpur, Guler, Nurpur, Chamba, Suket, Mandi and Bilaspur.After independence the read/write head Commissioners Province of H.P. came into creation on 15 April 1948 as a result of integ ration of 28 petty princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the horse opera Himalaya, known in full as the Simla Hills States & four Punjab southern hill States by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 & 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. regulator was appointed. legislative Assembly was elected in 1952.Himachal Pradesh beca me a Union territorial dominion on 1 November 1956. Following area of Punjab State namely Simla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur District were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union.Geography and climateMain article Geography of Himachal Pradesh Key Gompa with Spiti River flowing behind. A summer put one over of Khajjiar. Climate Temperature citation needed Avg. wintertime 7 C (45 F) Avg. Summer 28 C (82 F) Precipitation 1,469 mm (57.8 in) Asian Paradise Flycatcher in Kullu Himalyan Monal at Birds Park in ShimlaHimachal is situated in the western Himalayas. Covering an area of 55,673 kilometres (34,594 mi),3 it is a mountainous state with elevation ranging from about 350 metres (1,148 ft) to 7,000 metres (22,966 ft) above the sea level.The drain system of Himachal is composed both of rivers and glaciers. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. Himachal Pradesh provides water to both the Indus and Ganges basins.10 The drainpipe systems of the region are the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Sutlej and the Yamuna. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation.There is great variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal overdue to extreme variation in elevation. The climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropical in the southern tracts to cold, alpine and rooted(p) in the northern and eastern mountain ra nges with more elevation.11 The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very atrocious rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless.Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons Summer, Winter and showery season. Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 C (82 F) to 32 C (90 F). Winter lasts from late November till mid adjoin. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts ( customaryly above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the high and Trans-Himalayan region). Flora and faunaMain article Protected areas of Himachal PradeshAccording to 2003 Forest Survey of India report, legally defined forest areas constitute 66.52% of the area of Himachal Pradesh, although area under tree cover is only 25.78%.12 Vegetation in the state is dictated by elevation and precipitation.The southern part of the state, at lower elevation s than the north, has both tropical and subtropical dry deciduous forests and tropical and subtropical wet broadleaf forests.12 These are represented by northwest thorn purify forests along the border with Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and by Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests in the far southeast. Sal and shisham are open here.Rising into the hills, we find a mosaic of western Himalayan broadleaf forests and Himalayan subtropical pine forests. miscellaneous deciduous and evergreen oaks live in the broadleaf forests, while Chir pine dominates the pine forests. Hesperian Himalayan subalpine conifer forests grow near treeline, with species that include East Himalayan Fir, West Himalayan Spruce, deodar cedar (State tree), and Blue pine.The uppermost elevations boast western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows in the northeast and northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows in the northwest. Trees are sturdy with a vast earningswork of roots. Alders, birches, rhododen drons and moist alpine shrubs are there as the regional vegetation. The rhododendrons can be seen along the hillsides around Shimla from March to May. The shrublands and meadows give way to rock and ice around the highest peaks.Himachal is also said to be the fruit gutter of the country with orchards scattered all over the place. Meadows and pastures are also seen clinging to steep slopes. After the winter season, the hillsides and orchards bill with wild flowers, while gladiolas, carnations, marigolds,13 roses, chrysanthemums, tulips and lilies are carefully cultivated. The state government is gearing up to make Himachal Pradesh as the flower basket of the world.Himachal Pradesh has around 1200 bird and 359 animal species, including the leopard, snow leopard (State animal), ghoral, musk deer and Western Tragopan.citation needed It has 2 major(ip) national parks and sanctuaries the largest number in the Himalayan region. The Great Himalayan leadic Park in Kullu territory was c reated to conserve the flora and fauna of the main Himalayan range, while the Pin Valley National Park to conserve the flora and fauna of the cold desert. SubdivisionsMain article List of districts of Himachal PradeshHimachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts namely, Kangra, Hamirpur, Mandi, Bilaspur, Una, Chamba, Lahaul and Spiti, Sirmaur, Kinnaur, Kullu, solant goose and Shimla. The state capital is Shimla which was formerly British Indias summer capital under the name Simla.A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an mathematical functionr belonging to the Indian administrative armed service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panc hayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.GovernmentMain article Government of Himachal Pradesh Town dormitory in Shimla.The Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh has no pre-Constitution history. The State itself is a post-Independence creation. It came into being as a centrally ad looked territory on 15 April 1948 from the integration of thirty erstwhile princely states.Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is minded(p) to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the vocalizer and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the me mbers. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speakers absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive control is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the regulator.The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assemblyis appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).15 Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affair s.Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was win by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 set while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJPs Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority.16 The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradeshs Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past, was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmil a Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla.17 Chief Ministers of Himachal PradeshYS+Parmar.jpg Thakur Ram Lal.jpg Virbhadra Singh HP.jpg Main article List of Chief Ministers of Himachal PradeshYashwant Singh Parmar Thakur Ram Lal Shanta Kumar Virbhadra Singh Prem Kumar Dhumal Virbhadra SinghAgriculture Himalayas from Kullu ValleyAgriculture contributes nearly 45% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income as well as employment in Himachal. About 93% of the state population depends directly upon agriculture.However, agriculture in the state suffers from certain limitations, especially in the production of nutrient grains. cardinal of these reasons is that the area under cultivation cant be extended to an appreciable extent. Also, reclamation of land on slopes is not economical and increases environmental degradation. The state can profit more by cultivating cash crops as per the agro-climatic conditions.The main cereals grown in the s tate are wheat, maize, rice and barley. Kangra, Mandi and the Paonta valley of Sirmaur (to some extent) are the major producers of the first three cereals, while barley is mostly cultivated in Shimla.Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato, ginger, vegs, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to promote cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron.Fruit cultivation has also proved to be an economic boon. There are huge tracts of land suitable only for growing fruits. Fruit of all cultivation does not add to the problem of soil erosion and its employment potential is more than stodgy farming. The yield per acre in terms of income is also much higher. Apple farming produces the maximum income. Fruit growing in th e state is fetching over INR300 crore annually.Land husbandry initiatives such as the Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development wander, which includes the Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project (HPRP), the worlds largest clean development mechanism (CDM) undertaking, have improved agricultural yields and productivity, and raised rural family line incomes.18 EconomyMain article Economy of Himachal Pradesh Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices figures in millions of Indian Rupees Year Gross State Domestic Product1980 7,940 1985 13,720 1990 28,150 1995 66,980 2000 135,900 2005 230,240 2007 254,350The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh head started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated INR5.27 crore to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without comely transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existen ce in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.Agriculture contributes over 45% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income and employment in Himachal. Over 93% of the population in Himachal depends directly upon agriculture which provides direct employment to 71% of its people. The main cereals grown are wheat, maize, rice and barley.Hydro proponent is also one of the major source of income generation for the State.19 Identified Hydroelectric Potential for the state is 23,000.43 MW in five rivers basins20 i.e. (Yamuna, Satluj, Beas, Ravi and Chenab). HeritageHimachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts. These include woolen and pashmina shawls, carpets, silver and metal ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa mood paintings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts declined under competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities. But now the demand for handicrafts has increase within and outside the country.Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources. The state has about 25% of the national potential in this respect. It has been estimated that about 20,300MW of hydro electric power can be generated in the State by constructing various major, medium, small and mini/micro hydel projects on the five river basins. The state is also the first state in India to achieve the goal of having a bank account for every family.citation needed As per the current prices, the gist GDP was estimated at INR25,435 crore as against INR23,024 crore in the year 200405, showing an increase of 10.5%.21 TransportMain article Transport in Himachal Pradesh Kalka-Shimla railroad trackAirState has three domestic airports in Shimla, Kullu and Kangra districts The air routes connect the state with Delhi and Chandigarh. Shimla Airport, which i s around 21 km in west of city.Bhuntar Airport is in Kullu district around 10 km away from district headquarter. Gaggal Airport is in Kangra district which is aorund 10 km from Kangra and 23 km from Dharamsala.RailwayHimachal is famous for its narrow pretend tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is PathankotJogindernagar. Total length of these two tracks is 259 km. Kalka-Shimla Railway track ispasses through lot of tunnels while PathankotJogindernagar gently meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has measuring rod gauge railway track which connect Amb (Una district) to Delhi. Survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). another(prenominal) proposed railway tracks in state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.RoadRoads are the major mode of transport in the hilly terrains. The state has road network of 28,208 km (17,528 mi),22 including eight National Highways (NH ) that constitute 1,234 km (767 mi) and 19 State Highways with total length of 1,625 km.22 Some roads get closed during winter and monsoon seasons due to nose candy and landslides. It is quite interesting that Hamirpur, has got the highest road density in the country.23 DemographicsTraditional home, Manali showPopulation Growth showLiteracy RateHimachal Pradesh has a total population of 6,856,509 including 3,473,892 males and 3,382,617 females as per the provisional results of the Census of India 2011. This is only 0.57 per cent of Indias total population, recording a growth of 12.81 per cent. Total affluence rate (TFR) per woman is 1.8 which is one of lowest in India.Himachal Pradesh has a literacy rate of 83.78 per cent and gender ratio at 974/1000, according to the 2011 Census figures.Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999 ,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%),Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).The main communities are Rajputs, Rathis, Brahmins and Ghirth. The Ghirth (choudhary) community is found in general in Kangra District. Himachal has a sizeable population of Tibetans. Himachal Pradesh has the one of the highest harmonize of Hindu population in India (95%). Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.23% of the state population.For example they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists are mainly natives a nd tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majority of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet.25 The Muslims constitute about 1.63% of the population of Himachal Pradesh.The life expectancy at birth in Himachal Pradesh is 62.8 years (higher than the national average of 57.7 years) for 19861990. The sister mortality rate stood at 40 in 2010 and crude birth rate has declined from 37.3 in 1971 to 16.9 in 2010, below the national average of 26.5 in 1998. The crude death rate was 6.9 in 2010. Himachal Pradeshs literacy rate grew by 34.65% between 1981 and 2001.LanguagesHindi is both the official language and the lingua franca of Himachal Pradesh. However, much of the population speaks Pahari, which includes nearly all Western Pahari dialects. Medium of grooming in schools and colleges is Hindi, Punjabi, and English.CultureMain article Culture of Himachal Pradesh Kullu Dussehra festival The village of Nako in Kinnaur, Himachal PradeshHimach al was one of the a few(prenominal) states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is amultireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Brahmins, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The state is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, metalware, woodwork and paintings are worth appreciating. Pashmina shawls are a product that is highly in demand in Himachal and all over the country. Himachali caps are famous art work of the people. Extreme cold winters of Himachal necess itated wool weaving. Nearly every household in Himachal owns a pit-loom. Wool is considered as pure and is used as a ritual cloth. The well-known(a) woven object is the shawl, ranging from fine pashmina to the coarse desar. Kullu is famous for its shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours. Kangra and Dharamshala are famous for Kangra elucidation paintings.Local music and dance reflect the cultural identity of the state. Through their dance and music, they entreat their gods during local festivals and other special occasions. Apart from the fairs and festivals that are celebrated all over India, there are number of other fairs and festivals that are of great significance to Himachal Pradesh.Shimla, the state capital, is home to Asias only natural ice skating rink.FoodThe daylight to day diet of Himachalis is though similar to the rest of north India but is unique for its taste and ingredients used. They have lentil, rice, and vegetables. The rotis (breads) are made of flou rs like wheat and maze. Some of the specialties of the Himachali cuisine include Mandra, Maahni, Batt, Mitha Saloona, Bhujju, Saag, Palda, Redhu, chouck, bhagjery, jhoul,siddu/batooru, beduan, chutney, khatti dal, etc. Famous peopleProminent people associated with Himachal include The Great Khali, Anupam Kher, Amrish Puri (who studied here), Prem Chopra (brought up here), Mohit Chauhan, Anand Sharma (member of Rajya Sabha and Union Cabinet Minister for Commerce and Industry of the Government of India), Third Supreme Court Chief-Justice and former Prime Minister of Kashmir in 1947 Mehr Chand Mahajan, economist and former vice-president of World Bank Shahid Javed Burki, NSG Commando, Pritam Singh, Bollywood actresses Preity Zinta is the brand ambassador of the state while other famous people from Hindi photographic film are Kangna Ranaut, Hollywood actress Namrata Singh Gujral, Satyananda Stokes who introduced the company apple in the region, writer Idries Shah, ornithologist Allan O ctavian Hume (had his home here) former general of Pakistan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and current president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai who both studied here.Vijay Kumar won silver medal in 25m shooting in 2012 Summer Olympics belong to village Harsore near Barsar in Hamirpur district. EducationMain articles Education in Himachal Pradesh and List of institutions of higher reading in Himachal Pradesh Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital at ShimlaIndian set of Advanced Study at Shimla National bestow of engineering science, Hamirpur, (Admin block)Himachal Pradesh has one of the highest literacy judge in India next to Kerala.31 Hamirpur District is among the top districts in the country for literacy.31 Education rates among women are quite encouraging in the state.31 The standard of education in the state has reached a intimately high level as compared to other states in India31 with several reputed educational institutes for higher studies.The Indian Institute of Technology Mand i, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, the Central University Dharamshala, the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneeruniversities in the state.CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and protraction education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar is an important milestone in higher technical education in the state.The state government is working constantly to prepare plans and proj ects to tone up the education system. The state government decided to start three nursing colleges to develop the health system.There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high schools in Himachal. The state government has decided to start three major nursing colleges to develop the health system in the state.31 In meeting the implicit in(p) obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal has became the first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child.The state has Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Kumarhatti. Besides that there is Himachal Dental College which is the states first recognize dental institute