Clinical Journal One Essay Example for Free

Clinical Journal One EssayThe treat process is an estimate, diagnosis, plan, implementation and evaluation of our patients. As a hard-nosed nursing student this is something we are learning and improving on daily. Assessment is the most important part of the nursing process. This process is becoming clearer any sidereal day fagged in the clinical setting. The assessment part of the process is done with every(prenominal) interaction of our patients we are taught in school. I thought how could that be assessing something manoeuvres a consider commensurate amount of time so assessing every patient, every interaction sounded absurd to me. Currently my clinical setting is a post surgical whole. The nurses on this unit are registered nurses with varying amounts of experience. As I observe the nurses, I have noticed they actually do assess everyone, every time. I was astonished how lento this skill seemed to them of course experience helps in that area.I had the opportunity to participate an assessment of a month old child. During this experience I was able to perceive the doorway assessment I in condition(p) about in growth and development and it made more than sense to me . I was able to take a set of vitals on this baby, weighed a diaper for the IO and was shown how to assess the IV site on an infant. I realize how very important a unflurried baby is during the assessment because of this experience. Assessing an infant is different than adults. Infants are a bitharder to assess if they are not calm. Upset babies respirations will increase. I learned how to feel for the fontanel and dehydration signs in infants. on that point is so many parts to assessment and each and every part is an important step in keeping your patient on the path to recovery.Post-op assessment require that you check patients pedal pulse, this is something I would not have thought to be important simply I have since discovered that pedal pulse is a warning sign for post-op pa tients. Thesmallest part of assessing a patient is just as important as the biggest parts. So a pedal pulse takes a minute or two to be sure its present and equal in both(prenominal) feet but the importance of doing this step in your assessment lasts forever because you deterred your patient a problem by doing a full head to toe assessment.Though, workforce on assessments are most important, I have learned I do not always have to touch my patient to assess their condition. I can learn a lot from them just by listening to them and taking a good look at them. Patients also extremity more than a physical assessment. Physical head to toe is done at the beginning of your shift but you do and you can assess everyone with every interaction.There are many parts to assessment. The physical, of course, but as a nurse you must figure out the needs of each patient beyond the physical. They need emotional support as well. We must look at the whole picture when assessing. Do they need physical therapy? Home care? Support work? Are they going to need additional information on ways to be safe at home. Maybe the patients going to a rehabilitation instalment after discharge so they may need to be assessed for which facility they wouldgain the most from.We must assess if they require special equipment to improve on their independence. Assessing your patients doesnt stop at taking a pulse or blood pressure.So, assessment is very important and is easily done at every interaction once you see it done in the clinical setting. I still have so much to learn when doing a patient assessment but now I understand my role of assessing the patient as a licensed practical nurse and I understand the importance of every interaction assessment.Clinical Journal OneMilford Regional Medical CenterThe nursing process is an assessment, diagnosis, plan, implementation andevaluation of our patients. As a practical nursing student this is something we are learning and improving on daily. Assessmen t is the most important part of the nursing process. This process is becoming clearer every day spent in the clinical setting. The assessment part of the process is done with every interaction of our patients we are taught in school. I thought how could that be assessing something takes a respectable amount of time so assessing every patient, every interaction sounded absurd to me.Currently my clinical setting is a post surgical unit. The nurses on this unit are registered nurses with varying amounts of experience. As I observe the nurses, I have noticed they actually do assess everyone, every time. I was amazed how easy this skill seemed to them of course experience helps in that area.I had the opportunity to participate an assessment of a month old child. During this experience I was able to understand the doorway assessment I learned about in growth and development and it made more sense to me . I was able to take a set of vitals on this baby, weighed a diaper for the IO and was shown how to assess the IV site on an infant. I realize how very important a quiet baby is during the assessment because of this experience. Assessing an infant is different than adults.

Home school vs public school Essay Example for Free

Home school vs public school Essay

Structure of the Balance Sheet of Islamic Banks

Structure of the proportion cruise of Moslem commitsINTRODUCTIONStructure of the Balance Sheet of Moslem intrusts runniness is an important characteristic of banks. By their very nature, banks transform the term of their liabilities to have different maturities on the as gear up side of the oddment sheet. At the same time, banks essential be able to meet their commitments such(prenominal) as deposits at the point at which they become due. Thus, liquid state management lies at the heart of confidence in the banking operation. Customers place their deposits with a bank, confident they force out withdraw the deposit when they wish. If the ability of the bank to pay taboo on consider is questioned, all its business may be lost overnight. The greatness of liquidness transcends the individual insertion, since a liquid shortfall at a single creative activity may invoke systemic repercussion causing harm to the whole financial stability of a body politic. Therefore it is important for banks to have adequate liquidity potential when it can obtain sufficient funds promptly and at a reasonable cost. For Islamic banks, liquidity assay is a significant hazard owing to the limited availability of shariah-compatible money market instruments and Lender-Of-Last-Resort (LOLR) facilities. Hence, the recent introduction of commodity murabahah instrument based on tawarruq concept by Central Bank of Malaysia is deemed as an innovative approach to liquidity management. It certainly adds to the list of instruments for Islamic banks to manage their liquidity more effectively and efficiently. This paper reviews the structure and mechanism of commodity murabahah particularly for liquidity management purpose. As will be evident in this paper, this instrument has its own advantage which appeals to certain practitioners who were previously uncomfortable with inah-based instruments (www.acrobatplanet.com).Liquidity management lies at the heart of confidence in the ban king operation. Customers place their deposits with a bank, confident they can withdraw the deposit when they wish. If the ability of the bank to pay out on demand is questioned, all its business may be lost overnight. In general hurt, liquidity refers broadly to the ability to trade instruments quickly at prices that be reasonable in light of the underlying demand/supply conditions through the depth, breadth and resilience of the market at the lowest possible execution cost (Pervez, 2000). A perfectly liquid summation is defined as one whose full present value can be realized, i.e. turned into buying power over goods and services, immediately (Tobin, 1987). Cash is perfectly liquid, and so for practical purposes are demand deposits, and otherwise deposits transferable to third parties by cheque or wire, and investments in short term liquid government securities (Abdul-Rahman, 1999). The importance of liquidity transcends the individual institution, since a liquidity shortfall at a single institution may invoke systemic repercussion causing harm to the whole financial stability of a country. Therefore it is important for banks to have adequate liquidity potential when it can obtain sufficient funds promptly and at a reasonable cost (Heffernan, 1996).The concern over liquidity management is withal relevant to Islamic bank that holds illiquid assets while its liabilities are liquid, and holds assets unpredictable in value while guaranteeing the value of its liabilities. Thus, since Islamic banks follow the same structure and characteristics of a commercial banks balance sheet, they are not immune from liquidity risk. The potential mismatch between deposits and investment financial support exposes Islamic banks to liquidity problems. On the other hand, if the banks maintain too much liquidity to avoid getting into the liquidity problems may in turn hurt its profitability, therefore creating a right balance between the two objectives of safety (www.acroba tplanet.com).Off-balance-sheet financingAlso called synthetic leases, this is where a company uses rules from different systems, such as financial and tax, to account for an asset in different ways.For example, I lease a computer from company A. Because I dont own the computer (and I am assuming this is not a hood lease), I get to bind the rent expense (for the lease) as a deduction on the books, but I dont have to account for the asset or the debt, therefore it is not on the balance sheet. This is attractive because it ca-cas no debt on the companys books. It is often done through a SPE (Special Purpose Entity). Though lucrative, it has contributed to the demise of companies such as Enron.The lessor (company A) maintains the asset on their books and, if they financed it from another company (company B), the debt as well.Credit card issuers, mortgage companies and various other entities in addition use a causal agentful of off-balance-sheet financing known as asset backed secu ritization (ABS). The ABS process effectively allows a company to sell a portion of the loans (receivables assets) to investors, effectively removing the assets from their balance sheets (allowing a lower level of reserves, and, therefore heavy(p)) while managing the servicing of the debt (http//wiki.answers.com).AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo study the structure of the balance sheet of Islamic banksTo study the On Balance Sheet Financing as compared to Off Balance financing.Critical appraisal of the structure of the Balance Sheet of Islamic Banks.BACKGROUND AND ANALYSISRisk management and liquidity are of crucial importance in the overall banking environment, and they have clear relevance also to the specific environment of Islamic banking. In itself, Islamic banking is of emergence significance. Regulators have their own particular perspective on these issues.As a regulator based in London the Financial Statement Analysis (FSA) should counselling on the followingThe importa nce of London as a centre of Islamic financing.The overall role of the FSA as a regulator why hard regulation is of critical importance in any financial marketplace, how it can assist in facilitating competition and innovation.Risk management issues in banking a outline of the key elements involved.Risk management and liquidity issues as applied to Islamic banking.The perspective of the regulator, and why the UK ope tells a single regulatory framework for all firms.The importance of London as a centre of Islamic financingLondon is clearly one of the pre eminent centres of Islamic finance, for two main reasons. These are the battlefront of sizeable Muslim community in the UK and the importance of London as a financial centre with the expertise to develop new and innovative products. The FSA as Regulator welcomes the development of Islamic finance, and would be happy to see this grow further. Other important centres include Bahrain and Malaysia (www.financeinislam.com).London play s a role in tetrad force fields of significance in Islamic bankingTrade assets such as murabaha, istisnaa, and bai-al-salam. The market is probably cost US$ 10 billion in the UK.Equipment leasing asset and better half selection, operational leases and finance leasesReal estate where investors are looking for rental and capital benefits. Investment routes include fund management, club transactions, leverage funding, and asset analysis, corporal structuring and tax planning.Packaging and delivering assets engineering solutions. This includes a growing market in securitizations of pools of Shariah compliant assets.The role of the FSA as a regulatorThe Government has set the FSA four objectivesMarket confidencePublic awareness of the financial systemConsumer protectionReducing financial crimeThe new FSMA will bring in eleven principles for the handling of business, which set out at a high level how we expect a firm and its management to conduct themselves. In terms of minimum cr iteria, the FSA has to be satisfied that institutions have adequate capital, adequate liquidity and adequate control over large exposures. Banks of what ever origin must be prudently run and that their management must be fit and proper for the task. Satisfactory risk management, a realistic business plan, and adequate systems and controls quest to be clearly demonstrated. The FSA must be satisfied also that each institution is subject to effective consolidated supervision i.e., that one supervisory authority takes establish responsibility for supervising the bank or banking group as a whole (www.financeinislam.com).RISKS, PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGESRisk management issues in Islamic bankingSenior management in any business must be able to provide effective risk management. The consequences of failure to do so are dire, for example, the break of Barings where proper controls and supervise were not effectively in placeRegulators need to be sure that such risks are managed so as to pre vent a worst case scenario such as the systemic collapse of a whole banking system. Critical issues for Islamic banks are the reputational risks and legal risks of non-compliance from Shariah board requirements and/or from engaging in any activities that were not perceived as properly Islamic by the marketplace. The maintenance of trust amongst Islamic market participants is crucial (www.financeinislam.com).Credit riskThis is the risk that customers default and cannot service their debts. Banks can also suffer from the excessive concentration of exposures to particular customers, industries or countries. Asset quality should be closely monitored using enamour management information and systems support. Islamic banks run an asset book, just as conventional banks do, so the same disciplines must apply.Liquidity riskBanks face collapse or severe trading difficulties when they are unable to meet their liabilities. For example, many Nipponese institutions operating in London in the lat e l990s were hit when the Japanese premium increased their funding costs and eroded their liquidity. This did not mean, however, that they became unable to meet their liabilities. For the FSA, liquidity is a key concern. The dilemma for the Islamic sector is that liquidity from the Gulf is currently very substantial, but there is the need to seek out appropriate outlets for it. There is not a clearly defined lender of last resort for Islamic banks that might suffer liquidity problems, although support could probably be found from with in the overall pool of liquidity.Interest rate riskThe risk of declines in earnings due to the movement of interest rates, most of the balance sheet items of banks generate revenues and costs that are indexed to interest rates. A key brass of interest rate risk is also the possible mismatches that can arise between fixed and floating rates. In the Islamic banking context, interest rates per se are not a factor. However, commissions generated on Islam ic transactions could also be vulnerable to market movements.Market riskThe risk of adverse deviations of the mark-to-market value of the trading portfolio during the period required to liquidate the transactions. Islamic financial institutions take up risk sharing funds, whereas conventional banks take capital certain deposits where repayment must be made. There is the implicit requirement for both parties to a given transaction to share in the loss as well as the profit.Foreign exchange riskThe currency risk of suffering losses due to changes in exchange rates. This principle applies equally to Islamic banks. Letter of credit and trade finance for example, a significant proportion of which is denominated in US Dollars, often pose an exchange risk. Currency transaction and interpretation Factors must be taken into account.Solvency riskThe risk that financial institutions will be unable to hold sufficient capital resources to cover their different risks, regulators need to decide w hat amount is held, supervise, in order to maintain an appropriate level of solvency. Islamic banks need to be clear about the status of their deposits or liabilities. each capital-certain transactions generate more solvency risk than risk-sharing with investors.Operational riskThere is no precise definition, but we view operational risk as cosmos the risk that arises from human error and/or deficiencies in information systems or controls, resulting in direct or indirect loss. In the Islamic banking context, operational risks can impact just as much as in conventional banking, with the additional element of possible operational defects causing failure to comply with the Shariah (www.financeinislam.com).FINDINGSRisk management and liquidity issues as applied to Islamic bankingThis is a very important area and a number of key regulatory issues are under review. For example, whether liquidity requirements should apply to all on-balance sheet funds, risk sharing as well as capital cer tain and how liquidity should be managed for funds, which are held off balance sheet. The basic issue, however, as for any bank is how easily and quickly, and with what penalty, assets can be turned into cash. The establishment of a genuine inter-bank market or markets would be a significant step towards providing Islamic banks with the ability to maintain adequate liquidity without holding excessive amounts of very short-term assets. For example, it was very elicit to note that the Bahrain Monetary Authority (BMA) announced the first issue of its Islamically-structured bonds the Sukuk al-Salaam worth US$ 25mn. ABC Clearing Company BC and ABC Islamic Bank have been active in offering overnight investment opportunities for Islamic funds for a number of years.BNP Paribas and Kuwait Finance House signed a memorandum of understanding for the creation of a US$ 2bn Islamic money market fund (IMMF). Bank of America, Deutsche Bank, and ABN AMRO also plan to launch such instruments. Malay sia has also been developing an Islamic inter bank market. These developments offer potential tractability to Islamic banks. UK practice is such that the Financial Statement Analysis (FSA) has scope to take account of such developments when agreeing liquidity guidelines with banks (www.financeinislam.com).CONCLUSIONThere are two different categories of commercial financing from an accounting perspective on-balance-sheet financing and off-balance-sheet financing. Understanding the leaving can be critical to obtaining the right flake of commercial financing for your company. Put simply, on-balance-sheet financing is commercial financing in which capital expenditures appear as a liability on a companys balance sheet. Commercial loans are the most common example Typically, a company will leverage an asset (such as accounts receivable) in order to borrow money from a bank, thus creating a liability (i.e., the outstanding loan) that must be reported as such on the balance sheet.With of f-balance-sheet financing, however, liabilities do not have to be reported because no debt or equity is created. The most common form of off-balance-sheet financing is an operating lease, in which the company makes a small down payment upfront and consequently monthly lease payments. When the lease term is up, the company can unremarkably buy the asset for a minimal amount (often just one dollar). The key difference is that with an operating lease, the asset stays on the lessors balance sheet. The lessee simply reports the expense associated with the use of the asset (i.e., the rental payments), not the cost of the asset itself (www.evancarmichael.com).Why Does It Matter?This might sound like technical accounting-speak that only a CPA could appreciate. In the continuing tight credit environment, however, off-balance-sheet financing can offer significant benefits to any size company, from large multi-nationals to mom-and-pops.These benefits arise from the fact that off-balance-she et financing creates liquidity for a business while avoiding leverage, thus improving the overall financial picture of the company. This can help companies keep their debt-to-equity ratio low If a company is already leveraged, additional debt might trip a covenant to an existing loan. The trade-off is that off-balance-sheet financing is usually more expensive than traditional on-balance-sheet loans. melodic phrase owners should work closely with their CPAs to determine whether the benefits of off-balance-sheet financing outweigh the costs in their specific situation.Other Types of Off-Balance-Sheet FinancingAn increasingly popular type of off-balance-sheet financing like a shot is whats known as a sale/leaseback. Here, a business sells property it owns and then immediately leases it back from the new owner. It can be used with nearly any type of fixed asset, including commercial real estate, equipment and commercial vehicles and aircraft, to name a few.A sale/leaseback can increas e a companys financial flexibility and may provide a large lump sum of cash by freeing up the equity in the asset. This cash can then be poured back into the business to support growth, pay down debt, acquire another business, or meet working capital needs.Factoring is another type of off-balance-sheet financing. Here, a business sells its outstanding accounts receivable to a commercial finance company, or factor. Typically, the factor will advance the business between 70 and 90 percent of the value of the receivable at the time of purchase the balance, less the factoring fee, is released when the invoice is collected.Like with an operating lease, no debt is created with factoring, thus enabling companies to create liquidity while avoiding additional leverage. The same kinds of off-balance-sheet benefits occur in both factoring arrangements and operating leases.Keep in mind that strict accounting rules must be followed when it comes to properly distinguishing between on-balance-shee t and off-balance-sheet financing, so you should work closely with your CPA in this regard. But with the continued uncertainty surrounding the economy and credit markets, its worth looking into the potential benefits of off-balance-sheet financing for your company (www.evancarmichael.com).The perspective of the RegulatorThe fundamental stance of the regulator is that the same principles in the handling of risk should apply for Islamic as for non-Islamic banks and financial entities. There has to be a level playing field.For the regulator, risk management in the Islamic context is becoming easier to understand as the following developA set of common international equivalent accounting standards. The AAOIFI is a doing a lot of good work in this area but we need to see more harmonization.Greater standardization of products.A clear role for the Shariah Board. For example, if there were to be one Board per country it should assist in giving consistency of interpretation of the Shariah.Th e FSA has had no applications for authorization from purely Islamic banks. If an application were to be made, it would be considered against our minimum criteria and principles for business. For us, an important aspect of any application would be the effectiveness of the applicants risk management systems and controls (www.financeinislam.com).

Summary Of The Wedding Novel English Literature Essay

Summary Of The Wedding Novel English Literature Es rankOne of the most anticipated events of this special month is the wedding of whizz of the daughters of overbold Berns best lawyer, Wilson Lewis. His daughter Anna is fin whollyy engaged to her long time boyfriend, Keith, and to make it more special their positting married at the date Wilson and his wife, Jane, got married. However, there was unrivaled problem they only got one week to prepare this wedding. How can every function be possible?Preparing this wedding wasnt easy however soon all their hard flex paid off. The wedding will take place in Noah Calhouns house and garden, the place where Jane grew up and the place where Janes sister, Kate, also got married. This place was special for the whole family, just instantly a week ago this house was a complete disaster. It had been abandoned for years since Noah and his late wife, Allie moved into Creekside. Miracle, I thought, was the creator why from where I am looking now this place was magnificent.http//www.sweetgumbottom.com/images/garden-weddings_header.jpgNot only did they finished this house in a matter of days, they were also able to get a photographer, a caterer provided by Henry MacDonald, and a musician, John Peterson, to play during the wedding and the reply. All may seem impossible but they did it. Everything was perfect and the one thing I admired the most was the rose garden designed with five beautiful hearts. No doubt for sure that they spent a serve of money, from my early communion with Wilson, he does not have one bit of regret as long as his daughter is happy at her wedding.It had been a long stop and finally John Peterson began to play the piano and I knew at that very moment the bride is on her way to the aisle. To my surprise, Anna was not a bride. She was just an ordinary profess wearing the same dress as her sister, Leslie. I was confused at first but when Jane walked in her dress with a bridal veil and a bouquet, I knew she was the bride we were all waiting for.This is one of the most unforgettable weddings that ever happened here in New Bern. Not only was there twist in the end, we also gained so much knowledge ab extinct esteem in this wedding. We come to realize that love is not just a word but the action you take to make it happen. Wilson and Jane had a tough thirty years of marriage but they learned to be love and fall in love all over again. Anything is possible when it comes to love so never ever give up on itThe Wedding by Nicholas Sparks contains a lot of micturate and effect relationships towards the two main characters. The novel started of on August 23, 2002 when Wilson forgot about their twenty-ninth anniversary. This was the day Wilson finally comes to understand that Jane might have fallen out of love with him. Forgetting their anniversary was not the only reason why they grew apart. All of the incurs built up to one strong force that strike down the wheel pins in just one hit.F irst of all, Jane and Wilson grew up from two completely different families. Wilson growing up mostly alone as both his parents consummation as one of the most trusted lawyers in Washington, D.C., never experienced what love really is. He never knew the exact meaning of romance or even how to be amatory. In the other hand, Jane grew up in a family full of love, romance, and happiness. Through her parents is where Jane learned what love truly is.Another major cause occurred at their own wedding. Every girl in this world wants their dream wedding to come to reality. However, Jane never got hers. Wilson wanting to start a law dissipated as a new law graduate did not want to spend more money than needed. Also as a man, Wilson wanted to net for the expenses of the wedding from his own pocket. He didnt want to rely on anyone especially to Janes parents. consequently their honeymoon didnt even last a whole weekend since he has to get back to work right away.As the new provider for the family, Wilson wanted the best for his family. He wants his children, Anna, Joseph, and Leslie, to have a good education and a good life. He achieved this by spending almost every number of his life working. Spending little time at home brought major consequences. He left the responsibility of raising kids to Jane. He missed birthdays, school plays, and soccer games. Wilson basically missed his children growing up. Lastly, Wilson forgot about their anniversary after being drowned in work the whole day. This became the turning point of what seems to be the end of their happy marriage.Jane and Wilson now barely speak to each other. Even though, they live in one roof, it seems like neither of them exist. Jane then fled to New York to their son, Joseph, to spend some time to think and according to Joseph, Jane was crying ever since he picked her up the airport to the spot she dropped her back. That she didnt want to come back but she knew she had to because Wilson needs her. All thes e made Wilson realize that he can never live life without Jane, since because the day they met until now his love for his wife grew more and stronger.The second cause and effect that occurred in this novel was the day after the forgotten anniversary, when Wilson finally realize that he has to do something that will make Jane fall in love with him all over again. First, he started to wake up extra early to walk around the neck of the woods and loss some weight. Luckily, he got another chance to prove that he can change when Anna announces that she was getting married. Wilson became a big help in the wedding. Since Jane has been forever busy he started to cook dinner for them and when Jane needed help with anything he was always there. He helped arrange the guest list, caterer, rentals, music, and most especially Noahs house, where the wedding and the reception will be held.With the help of Noah, Wilson learned to become more romantic and start to express his feelings to Jane more o ften. When everything was going smoothly, Wilson decided to arrange a romantic dinner Thursday evening before the day of the wedding. He taped a note to the front door saying, Welcome home, darling. Your surprise awaits you inside (Sparks 207). When Jane exposed up the door she saw a living room full of lit candles, scattered rose petals on the floor, and another note. Each note brings in another task that will bring Jane closer to where Wilson was. After Jane took a bath and refreshed herself, a limousine that will reveal the place where rebuke meet Wilson, awaits herThe limousine arrived in front of Noahs house. Jane, blindfolded, was surprised the second she was finally able to open her eyes. The house looked the same exact way it did the years when Jane was growing. Then on the porch, was a romantic table Wilson set up for their dinner date. When Wilson was cooking their dinner, he asked Jane to grab his apron in her room upstairs, but alternatively of an apron Jane found a le tter. The letter contained every memory they made together, Wilsons feelings towards Jane that he was not able to show, all his regrets, and sincere apology of every minute he wasted in the office not realizing that everything is falling out of place. Together with that letter was a photo album, which has pictures of the two of them through the years. Wilson took every meek step to court his wife and everything step became worthwhile when Jane learned to love him all over again.Wilsons biggest step was when he finally revealed his secret. The wedding Jane thought was for her daughter, Anna, was in truth her wedding all along. Wilson was finally able to give Jane the wedding she always wanted. A year worth of planning became a complete success. At that day, Wilson observe that second chances can really happen, I learned that its possible for two people to fall in love all over again, even when theres a lifetime of disappointment between them (Sparks 263). Even if, your second chan ce can be your last chance, it will never hurt to try. You will never know, maybe this second chance can be start of a new beginning in your life.I am not lying when I say that Nicholas Sparks is my favorite author of all time. Your books were the ones who changed my views towards reading. It always brings out the fun in reading and brings out every emotion of a human being has. We laugh, we get angry, we cry, and we learn to love. Your books not only bring emotions but also provide valuable lessons that can be used in reality.Ive read a lot of your written works. For example, Ive read A Walk to Remember, Dear John, At First Sight, the Last birdcall, and The Wedding. All these books have different stories, but they share one thing in common, they contain a twist of faith in each of its major characters. Anything you least expect always happen that stop us, readers, from closing the book. I am not afraid to say that I cried in each of these books I read written by you. If only I ha ve all the time in the world, Ill be honored to read every novel you ever written.As a great author, most of your books had been turn to movies. However, I hate it when they change the story from the book and sort of ruined it. The only ones that are not greatly ruined in my opinion were The Last Song and A Walk to Remember. I also do not like it when others who enjoyed the movies do not even give any honor to you and your work. You are the reason why we have phenomenal movies like The Notebook that almost every American still enjoy to this day. You are really the best and I consent that youll continue to write more beautiful novels and inspired many more of your readers like me.

The Six Pillars Of Public Administrations Politics Essay

The Six Pillars Of Public Administrations Politics EssayThe dichotomy of politics and administration is a model re pitching the brain that a division is required between the semipolitical realm and the field of earth administration. As explained by Waldo (1984), there atomic number 18 two early human race administration scholars that atomic number 18 credited with the dichotomy Woodrow Wilson and Frank Goodnow. Although Wilson and Goodnows work was not identical, they both advocated for a strict explanation of the dichotomy. Wilson and Goodnows ideologies regarding the relationship between politics and human beings administration boast served as fundamentally important for developing this test. This brief discussion about the dichotomy of politics and familiar administration will complicate why scholars like Wilson and Goodnow believed it was necessary to offprint politics and administration and treat them as two separate fields of study.Wilsons theory evolved during a period when politics was associated with corrupt behavior. Many citizens wanted a more professionally based bureaucracy that would be held to higher(prenominal) levels of accountability versus being controlled by politics. These ideas were clearly communicated in Madisons Federalist No. 10. Madison (1787) described the relationship between politics and administration by explaining that a factious spirit had tainted Americas common administration. Wilson reinforced the ideas of the design fathers in The Study of Administration. Wilson (1886) expanded on Madisons ideas explaining that the bureaucracy needed to be more businesslike with civil servants providing benefits that were nonpartisan. In The Study of Administration, Wilson (1886) states that, Administrative questions atomic number 18 not political questions. Although politics sets the tasks for administration, it should not be suffered to manipulate its offices (210).With the latter quote being stated by Wilson, public adm inistration should be considered a science irrelevant from any type of political coercion when it comes to things like decision making, insurance policy, and public service. Bureaucracies all share a common goal and this is to propose services that benefit the overall public good however, it is nearly impossible to completely separate politics from administration. For example, policies are often intentional and implemented imputable to public sentiment. The number goal of a politician is to get re- take therefore, choose officials cannot ignore public opinion. Policies are written and passed by elect officials and then implemented by public agencies. Programs created by policies often die at the execution of instrument phase because bureaucrats hold the power with providing optimal levels of implementation. ane of the reasons schedules are not correctly implemented can be attributed to the fact that many bureaucrats may deliberately administer poor implementation due to a p rogram being contradictive to their political beliefs.Goodnow (1900) took a realistic approach to the dichotomy explaining that politics and administration needed to be two separate functions but, simultaneously, politics would never be completely separate from administration. Goodnows beliefs are demonstrated in the policy and implementation synopsis provided in the previous paragraph. Americas bureaucracies today are not as corrupt as they were during the time Madison vocalized his views in the Federalist Papers. Thanks to panoptic empirical research and social science theories, the field of public administration is based on cogency, accountability to the public, and effectiveness. It would be unreasonable to assume that political coercion does not still plague public administrators on occasion because politics will also happen a role in public administration.Responsible public administratorWhen researching the topic of Responsibility in the realm of Public Administration, one encounters a very extensive literary works base regarding the importance and reasons for responsible civil servants. Exploring the topic of responsibility and its significance in the field of public service reveals a strong link between all of the pillars of public administration. Public administrators are held accountable by the public and they cannot act on their own accord because they are held responsible to the officials who have been elected by the public. Elected officials warnmine the course of action of public servants and this fact is super relevant to the dichotomy of politics and public administration (Finer, 1941, p. 335). In order for public servants to be responsible, they must adhere to certain determine and principles which make them efficient, legitimate, and representative of social equity. Svara(2007) has stated the highest duty of public administrators is to embrace a broad set of obligations and responsibilities that promote the public interest, demonstrat e character, advance justice, and seek the greatest good.Gaus (1953) explained the relationship that is created for the responsible public servant between the other pillars by stating that, The contribution of the United States to the idea of responsibility in administration was made by requiring the chief executive-and later many minor executives-to submit directly or indirectly to popular vote (432). The world(a) public elects officials to represent them and protect them to a certain extent. As explained in the dichotomy, there are two sides to public administration. In regards to responsibility, legislators and politicians have the responsibility of designing policies to address social divulges in an attempt of solving issues. The administrative side of the responsibility has to do with implementation of the policies designed by elected officials.The relationship between chief executives and other elected officials and the bureaucracy is clearly demonstrated in the nature of pu nitive policies. For example, legislators designed policies that prepare restrictions on festinate limits. In order to keep roads and highways safe, reckless(prenominal) driving behaviors must be curtailed and this is done through punitive policies. Drivers that violate the speed limit know they are at risk to be cited and subject to fines and jail time therefore, it may be tempting to speed but policies are enforced by public administrators to deter this behavior. In this case scenario, street-level bureaucrats are the primary civil servants that are responsible for the implementation of punitive policies. This is a faultless example to illustrate how the decisions made by elected officials, impact the daily work operations of public service. Administrators are responsible for carrying out proper implementation of police forces.Finer (1941) made it clear that there is a distinction between policy design and policy execution. This is where public administrators have the most pow er in their responsibilities. They are the ones responsible for policy execution and it is clearly stated in the literature that implementation is the most importance stage of the policy process. A policy is only as strong as its implementation and many die at this level because of irresponsible public administrators. Ethical issues can arise in this area because administrators may neglect to implement a policy or a program created by an elected official because they do not fit with it or have a hidden agenda. In regards to the link between public administration and the pillars, administration is not less important to democratic establishment than administrative efficiency it is even a contributor to efficiency in the long run (Finer, 1941, p. 335). When a public administrator acts responsibly, they have a higher chance of abuting ethical behavior and ultimately producing efficiency.LegitimacyLegitimacy of the administrative state is contingent upon several factors. In the circu mstance that administrative agencies provide ample, straightforward opportunities for public involvement, authenticity is being carried out. thither must also be opportunities for empirical research and decision making in order to accomplish legitimacy in the state. All of the pillars are intertwined with legitimacy. In order for a state to be considered legitimate, their power has to be accepted by the general public therefore, in order to achieve this broad scope of power a state must be efficient, ethical, serve the public good, be representative, accountable to the public, effective, and responsible to elected officials. According to Dr. Beaumaster, the person who has the authority and power is legitimate (2010). Legitimacy Power is derived from authority authority is derived from legitimacy legitimacy is a moral or normative standing. So whenever that person makes an unethical decision, this will reflect in his power and he may lose it.Public organizations can often be bear on by their internal and external environments, especially new organizations. It is not uncommon for a new organization to become vulnerable when resources are lost or they have not successfully obtained strong support from their environment (Rainey, 2003, p. 359). Consumer preferences and public sentiment unendingly affect business and this is applicable in both the public and underground arenas however, public agencies face bigger issues with legitimacy because they are held highly accountable to the public. For example, the issue of raising taxes is always a contentious decision for elected officials because the public can show adamant opposition to paying higher taxes. Rainey (2003) explains that when voters resist taxes, judicatures face analogous problems (359). Public and oversight authorities often chaffer stricter criteria on public organizations for honest, legitimate behaviors (Rainey, 2003, p. 359).Expanding on the last quote, an example of illegitimate behavior in a bureaucracy would be an elected official utilize coercive power on a public servant in order to get something accomplished. Abuse of power is an age-old problem in bureaucracies. In the event an individual were granted a prestigious position in government based solely on being from a prominent family, their interlocking to the position would constitute as illegitimate. There were accusations of coercive power and bureaucratic appointments that were not legitimate during the George W. Bush administration (Maitland, 1989, p.11).To increase and ensure legitimate physical exertions in government and to secure a legitimate administrative state, Peffer (2008) suggests that public servants must be recruited that possess expertise, values, virtue, leadership, and vision. Government agencies should focus on recruiting the best and the brightest managers and employees but public servants must develop a direct relationship with citizens in order to be completely legitimate. Research shows that the bureaucracy has to be legitimate in practice not just in theory (Peffer, 2008, p. 1). When all of the pillars of public administration are combined, they are likely to produce legitimacy which creates stability within the state.There are four sources to gain legitimacy constitution, legal, public perception, and professionalism The legal is the primary source because it is the thing that can prove that you have something such as school diploma verifies that you earn a degree from that school. The secondary legal source of legitimacy is constitution because the constitution is used to determine the legitimacy of anybody that has an authority position. third gear is public perception. The perception of someone regardless their position in society makes them legitimate in some level (Beaumaster, 2009).AccountabilityThe goal of public service is to provide the greatest amount of public good for the least amount of money. The public depends on governments to provide high qual ity services therefore, public servants are held highly accountable by the constituents they serve. Accountability is a fundamental element of public administration is linked with the other pillars. Accountability requires ethical decision making, mates original, legitimacy, efficiency, effectiveness, responsibility, and accountability is intertwined with the dichotomy of politics and public administration, as well. Public servants are held accountable by both the public and the elected officials. A rational polish can only be organized and achieved through accountable behaviors carried out legislatively, judicially, and administratively (Ashworth, 2001, p. 163).Accountability in the public area is a bigger issue than in private sectors of business. It is a fact that public managers and organizations remain accountable to various authorities and interests and to the rule of law in general (Rainey, 2003, p. 96). Private sector industries have one goal and that is usually monetary profit. The goals of public agencies are typically quite different. Providing the public good and carrying out the will of the public is a very vague goal and one that is an ambitious endeavor, as well. With this being stated, public agencies are held accountable to a wider range of people than private sector businesses. Representativeness is highly related to accountability because it refers to the multitude of ways elected officials must represent their citizens (Rainey, 2003, p. 97). Through being chosen to represent a locality or a state government or even national government, public officials are held accountable. The dichotomy of politics and public administration should be highly unbiased here.According to the literature, there are different types of accountability. The types of accountability are Hierarchical, legal, professional, and political. Rainey (2003) defined hierarchical and legal accountability as having change magnitude levels of control. With hierarchical and legal accountability, it is less likely that a bureaucrat would be granted large levels of discretionary decision making power. Decision making would likely evolve from top-level executives within the organizations. One will find decreased levels of control with professional and political accountability. Administrators may be granted the discretionary decision making power to decide whether or not a resolution is wise to an external influence (Rainey, 2003, p. 96). Accountability is a serious element of Public Administration. For example, many researchers believe that the episode with the blank shell Shuttle Challenger explosion in 1986 can be attributed to group think (Forest, 1995, p. 1). Group think falls under the category of professional accountability. In the situation of the Challenger explosion, accountability issues resulted in taking the lives of seven people.Public administrators are often confronted with unethical situations where they are forced to make the right dec isions in order to abide by their accountability standards for carrying out the good of the public. It is important to remain accountable to the public and to the elected officials one serves without compromising integrity in order to achieve career advancement or to not hinder career advancement (Ashworth, 2001, p. 153). Public organizations do not have the luxury that private businesses enjoy because their daily operations and files are open to the public. The public must be promised accessibility in order to garner trust from constituents. Accountability is a large realm of public administration that encompasses many aspects of public service.RepresentationAccording to Dr. Beaumaster (2010), representation deals with who is going to represent the will of the people. Are they those who are elected by the people themselves? Representation is not the cornerstone of public administration but it is the cornerstone of our entire government system. So the people chose who is going to be responsible and accountable for the country and them. According to Jefferson, power came from the land and from the people (cited in Kettl, 2002). So without people, the government has no power.The jobs of public administrators often require the spare-time activity of consistency in order to achieve stability. But the role of the elected official can be somewhat different because the politician is the person that has been chosen to represent the public. Ashworth (2001) explains that politicians tend to seek change and new accommodations in an attempt to impress their constituents for the purpose of gaining re-election. Politicians often want to sweep out the old and need in the new, whereas public administrators want to tinker with existing programs and make incremental changes in an attempt to improve public service, (Ashworth, 2001, p.11). It should be evident that the goals of politicians and public administrators are different in nature. Those innate differences are what crea te the issue with representation in public administration.Representation is a classic issue in government and public administration and more recently is has garnered significant attention because of affirmative action programs, equal employment opportunity policies, and a growing trend towards increased representation on diverse populations (Rainey, 2003, p. 97). Representativeness is the pillar of public administration that refers to the ways elected officials can represent their citizens and these different ways are what mold and crop the responsibilities of a public servant. Elected officials tend to determine the way the needs of their citizens are represented and this illustration of how the dichotomy of politics and public administration works. In regards to the pillars of public administration, they are all interconnected with representativeness. In order to be adequately representative of a targeted population, a public servant must exhibit ethical behaviors, be responsive to needs, produce efficient results, and obtain high levels of legitimacy.Rainey (2003) explains that there are two types of representation passive and active. Rainey explains that active representation occurs when members of a group actually serve as advocates for the group in decisions about programs and policies (97). Passive representation simply refers to situations where members of a group are simply present in a government entity or agency. The difference between the two types of representation was imperative to explain because the type often determines the values, goals, and mission of an agency.The type of representation that is decided upon has potential to create contention. Conflicting values and criteria often present challenges for public managers. Furthermore, external authorities and political actors intervene in management decisions in pursuit of responsiveness and accountability, and impose structures and constraints on the pursuit of equity, efficiency, and effect iveness. Rainey (2003) made it known that sharp conflicts over which values should predominate-professional effectiveness or political accountability, for example-lead to major transformations of organizational operations and culture (98). Anytime an agency is influenced by external sources to change or alter their value system, for example, issues are likely to arise. All of the information presented in this essay explains the issue with representation.Efficiency and effectivenessIn the early days of public administration, government was corrupt. Politicians exercised coercive powers in order to get tasks accomplished. In an attempt to deter corruption in government, an emphasis on efficiency and effectiveness evolved. Efficiency and effectiveness are considered as criterion to measure performance in government. effect measures are proof of successes and failures in social programs. Public administration researcher, Fried (1976) considered efficiency to be one of the major perfor mance criteria for public bureaucracy in America today. James Madison discussed in the Federalist Papers that dividing government into three branches was a way to place a checks and balances system on powers (Rainey, 2003, p. 94). Madisons ideologies explain how demands for efficiency and effectiveness started. Performance criteria deter corruptive, unethical behaviors in government. Too much political control would not enable public administrations to operate effectively and efficiently therefore, agencies would not be able to accomplish the objectives associated with the other pillars of administration.The overall goal of public agencies is rooted in the definition of efficiency. Efficiency has been defined in the literature as producing a good or service at the lowest cost possible while maintaining a constant level of quality (Rainey, 2003, p. 95). The general public holds public servants accountable and responsible for bringing this goal to fruition. Public servants are expect ed to illustrate competency in their work and incompetent values do not play a role in efficiency and effectiveness. Former United States President, Bill Clinton, launched the National Performance Review in response to inefficient government. Clintons attempt to streamline government resulted in 324,000 government jobs being eliminated (Rainey, 2003, p. 95).Efficiency and effectiveness can be hindered by unethical behavior. Public administrators play the most important role in program and policy implementation. Efficient implementation is imperative for producing effectiveness. If efficient, competent behaviors have not been engaged in, a program or policy evaluation is likely to reveal incompetence. Law enforcement agents, commonly referred to street-level bureaucrats, are granted massive levels of discretionary decision making power. In the event they chose to not implement a policy handed down from a high-level executive, they are not being accountable, responsive, efficient, leg itimate, or effective. Hypothetically speaking, if a police officer pulls someone over for speeding and makes the decision to let the driver go and not write a citation they are exhibiting incompetent behaviors. incompetence leads to inefficient policies that are not effective. If a policy is not enforced by the bureaucracy, it may be deemed as useless.Measuring effectiveness often presents obstacles for public agencies. Bureaucracies are often burdened with the choice of whether to measure effectiveness using subjective measures or objective measures (Rainey, 2003, p. 136). This poses a problem because agencies do not always produce measurements that are tangible therefore, many agencies may measure effectiveness through profits and productivity (Rainey, 2003, p. 136). Mott (1972) studied effectiveness in public agencies by requesting that managers rate the quantity, quality, efficiency, adaptability, and flexibility of their departmental units. Motts study is representative of how organizations may combine both a qualitative and quantitative approach to measuring effectiveness. If an agency proves effectiveness, it is highly likely that public administrators have engaged in efficient strategies to implement programs and policies.

Deadly Outbreak :: SARS Health Medical Essays

Deadly Outbreak It is March 2003 and my life-long dream of rifleing around the manhood is finally coming true. It seems like since I was born I have longed to visit the far corners of the world, and finally, now that I finished college and I have or so time to travel I get to visit Europe and Asia. Yet somehow my visit to Asia is non exactly what I imagined it would be. It is not the diverse tillage it is not the unusual food it is not the remarkable atmosphere or the people that are marring my trip. It is a deadly outbreak of a disease that exclusively emerged a fewer months ago. They call it SARS, or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. I am in Hong Kong, one of the worlds most demanding and most interesting places in the world, yet I am trapped on the 19th floor of my hotel, staring at the busy sidewalks from my window. The busy sidewalks that I see are not nearly as busy as they should be. People are afraid. The World Health Organization says the disease symptoms mim ic those of influenza, starting with fever, headaches, cough, and body aches that are disfranchised to distinguish from other respiratory illnesses. That is why this disease went undetected for some time. SARS is a virus from a family of viruses that cause a small dowery of common colds. The average time from when the patient gets infected to when he/she develops the disease is five days however, the incubation period lasts anywhere from two to ten days. The disturbing fact about this new disease is that it is highly contagious. Studies done at universities in the Netherlands and China say that SARS may even be contractable through contaminated food and water, sweat, and any other body fluids. Thus, the reasons for my watching the busy sidewalks instead of walking the busy sidewalks. I want to live to travel the rest of the world, so I would rather enjoy the view at this particular moment, rather than join in the cultural activities. It was only a few days ago that I join ed the crowds in the swarming subway stations and walked the vendor-filled sidewalks. Nonetheless, the face-masks, gloves, scarves, glasses and other protective gear that are the fashions of the moment made me smelling like the best precaution may be to stay away.

Flattery Holds The Key :: essays research papers

Its a Saturday night and you want to go out for the evening. To do this you need the car, what do you do? Flattery is the way to go " Mom, did you lose weight? You look amazing Is that a new hair color? New outfit? " Your mom is so flattered that when you ask for the car she doesnt need to think twice before she hands you the keys. From that point on, you know that whenever you want something all you have to do is put on the charm, flash that big smile and tell a few white lies. After this your wish is their command. Why is this? Well, as you can see flattery leave alone get you everywhere. Even Shakespeare knew the powers of flattery. He portrays in flattery in the play King Lear by the characters Regan and Goneril. It is clear that flattery makes every goal attainable whether it be wealth, power and even the most sacred emotion love.It is unimaginable that a father would divide his wealth among his children according to their skills in flattery. All parents are divinator y to love their children at an equal level, no matter how much their child flatters them. Which parent would think to ask their children to outdo individually other in a battle of words to win their money and material goods. This is the case in Shakespeares King Lear. Even in the first scene Lear is asking his daughters which one of them loves him more. " Which of you shall we set up doth love us most? That we our largest bounty may extend" (I,i, 52-53). With this demand of knowing who loves him more, Lear offers a reward, all his land. This reward is key to the show of emotion each daughter displays to please her father. His two older daughters jump at the opportunity to compliment and flatter their father, but their words are empty promises and lies. These two daughter are only kind to Lear when he has money The wise fool tells Lear that only when there is a reward will he be enured kindly by his children. "Fathers that wear rags/ Do make their children blind/ But fathers that bear bags/ Shall see their children kind" (II,iv,48-51). Regan and Goneril feed their father pretty words on a silver platter and Lear swallows every lie.