Characteristics of Dbq Protestant Reformation Essay Samples

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Music Essay Writing Service

Music Essay Writing ServiceHiring a music essay writing service is a good thing for any student who has not yet acquired a degree in music composition. Students who lack knowledge in composing may find it difficult to compose well-written pieces. A music essay writing service will help you write your compositions as you would want them to be written. Your goal here is to give a good piece of music to your audience.In many music schools and universities, students need to make up assignments and homework assignments for all other students. These are what are known as 'homework assignments'. These homework assignments include projects, essays, and even compositions. Homework assignments can help students sharpen their composing skills and learn about composition theory.For students who do not have their own instruments, the most effective way to learn composition is by learning how to play music on them. This is the ideal scenario for a student who needs to learn to compose. By hiring a music essay writing service, a student can learn this skill and begin to make his or her own compositions.Music writing services help students who know nothing about composing to create works of art. A writing service will compose the music based on your needs and will also give you lessons on how to best to compose the piece. This can include different musical techniques, styles, and instruments. A good writing service will also have resources on how to learn the appropriate methods for each musical genre.The written work that comes from a writing service is going to be of a high quality. To get a good quality musical piece, a writing service needs to be of the highest caliber. Hiring a writing service is a great way to be creative and achieve your goals. With just a few hours of homework and a bit of research, you can give the world your most beautiful works of art.Not only does a writing service to help you create musical works, but they also help you deal with deadlines and com plete assignments. If you struggle with managing your work, a writing service can be a great resource for you. Their ability to effectively manage deadlines makes them great for students who have deadlines that must be met.Music is such a rewarding learning process. Being creative and artistic is something that not everyone shares. However, it is a skill that anyone can learn. Hiring a writing service is the first step to being a creative and performing musician.A music essay writing service will help you write your compositions as you would want them to be written. Your goal here is to give a good piece of music to your audience. Your goal here is to give a piece of music that people will enjoy listening to and look forward to listening to for a long time.

Essay Topics About the Columbo Exchange

Essay Topics About the Columbo ExchangeYou can use essay topics about the Columbo Exchange as the basis for a paper you are going to write. It is a true fact that all of us want to know the truth and we must be so truthful in our beliefs. Since, people today have become more cynical, it is important that we remember the things that made us passionate about the past.The writers of the essay topics about the Columbo Exchange are always changing from generation to generation. With the passage of time, they have somehow shaped themselves into people who want to give their unique contribution to society.They do not just reflect on the things that have happened but also those that are expected to happen in the future. We have all heard the words 'Look to the future and plan for the worst'. We should also remember the words 'Look to the past and prepare for the best'. If we follow these steps, the end result would be really good.Essays about the Columbo Exchange should show the best side of humanity. Remember that what we do in this world has always a long history. The same way, people in the past always had some good traits to offer. We should also know that if we were born into the same circumstances, we will have some good things to offer.I do not want to say that only good people will rise up in the world, but only that those people who were different can also make it. If there are millions of people who are out there who think, then obviously there are a lot of people who are too busy thinking. People's free will is something that we should embrace, therefore we should not judge the majority by their opinions alone.There are still a lot of people who do not believe that it is human to think for themselves. This is something we must consider and accept. Sometimes, thinking with another's point of view makes the world a better place and this is something that we must never forget.Nowadays, we have people who try to say that we need to live the way the society expec ts of us. I guess that we are right at that time because most of us do not even feel like taking our own opinions into consideration.

Does The Second Amendment Have A Place Essay - 1225 Words

Does the second amendment have a place in the year 2016? I personally don’t believe so. Before I go into great length, or become long winded, I will say that I am not for the second amendment. And with my upbringing, it would surprise a lot of people. I’m from the south. However, I am liberal, I come from a long line of conservative republicans and war veterans. Not to mention, my mother, by the age of 15, could take apart and put back together a machine gun. Guns as a hobby, I can respect, but it isn’t my cup of tea. Guns are dangerous, regardless if I am, or if the person holding one is. We owe it to ourselves, and to our fellow Americans to want to make the country we call home safer with every generation. The second amendment reads, â€Å"A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.† The second amendment and its purpose was to provide people with the priv ilege and right to carry a weapon in the event of a tyrannical government. When it was written, we had been oppressed by British rule. We were new to the concept of a republic and democracy, and looking back at history, democracy didn’t always work, and hadn’t had a great track record. This law was a good way to prevent the senseless killing in the event that our young republic didn’t make it. However, laws wouldn’t necessarily matter in that instance. Where does the second amendment mean today? Today we don’t have to worryShow MoreRelatedThe Second Amendment And The Amendment903 Words   |  4 PagesThe truth to the statement that â€Å"Texas has a love affair with the 2nd amendment more than any of the other amendments† is circumstantial depending on the interpretation of the 2nd amendment. The second amendment is the most challenged amendment because it is so vaguely worded and not straight forward. It reads â€Å"A well regulated mili tia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.† This somewhat incoherent statement leavesRead MoreThe Constitution And The Declaration Of Independence1712 Words   |  7 Pagesrights, amendments, that make the U.S a free country today. This system has provided many citizens with rights such as, allowing them to express their religion and free speech and protect their privacy with no officials is allowed to search someone s belongings unless there is a warrant that states reason. There are many more amendments besides the two listed and each of them are of equal importance to balance the power between the government and the people, especially the first ten amendments thatRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay734 Words   |  3 Pages Almost every American knows about the situation with gun control. Does the second amendment give us the right to keep gun? Does the second amendment not give us the ri ght to keep gun? Who should have guns? Should anybody have Guns? People ask and debate these questions every day. Gun violence has greatly increased in the last fifteen years. School shootings seem like a weekly thing now and it is heartbreaking and time to change the laws and protect are citizens better. Some people believe the governmentRead MoreSecond Amendment Validity And Today s View1068 Words   |  5 PagesSecond Amendment Validity and Today’s View Although there are many people against the Second Amendment, one must understand that the constitution of the United States recognizes and safeguards rights that profoundly exist in the Bill of Rights. Does the second Amendment continued to be valid today? The answer is quite simple: yes, it does. Civilian or militia does no need to protect themselves from the government, since the government has strong armed forces to protect the state and the federal governmentRead MoreBill of rights Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesRights was to ensure the safety of citizens rights. Most amendments apply in daily life, but might not realize it. The First amendment, freedom of speech, amendment two, the right to bear arms, and amendment four, protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures. These three amendments are a major factor in daily lives for citizens. Amendment One, freedom of speech is a very important factor for all citizens to have. Amendment One protects citizens to freely speak their mind withoutRead MoreThe Battle Between Gun Control and Gun Rights Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesarms according to the Second Amendment has been a hotly contested issue for many years in American history. The matter has been one of the most controversial issues in the second half of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first; disputed between politicians on the liberal and conservative side along with issues such as abortion, capital punishment, and gay marriage. The Supreme Court has officially defined the controversial Second Amendment by stating that states have the right to maintainRead MoreProtecting Life, Liberty, and Property in the Bill of Rights848 Words   |  4 Pagessafety of citizens rights without them being violated. Most amendments apply in daily life, but it might not show. The First amendment, freedom of speech, ame ndment two, the right to bear arms, and amendment four, protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures. These three amendments are a major factor in daily lives for citizens. Amendment one, freedom of speech is a very important factor for all citizens to have. Amendment one protects citizens to freely speak their mind without disturbingRead More Gun Control versus The Right to Bear Arms Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesWith the topic of gun control comes a widely split crowd. There are those that believe that gun control is necessary for decreasing crime and making a nation a safer place to live. And on the other end of the spectrum, they are those that speak of how anti-gun control is what would make our nation a safer place to live. After all, ?Would a person be as likely to break into another familys home knowing that the family has means of personal protection (Warren 308). ?Most everyone will agree thatRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Laws870 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment to strip away the people’s Constitutional rights? There are two different sides to every debate. Reasons not to confine gun laws even more would be the second Amendment Right t o bear arms, the effect on law-abiding citizens vs. the effect on the criminal, and has it been effective thus far. With all of the gun violence that is taking place, it is not hard to see where one may feel that restricting gun laws is the answer. People are angry that so many innocent people keep getting killed at theRead MoreThe Right to Bear Arms1866 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In this essay highlighting the second amendment, I will focus mostly on the right to bear arms. The Second Amendment states, â€Å" A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† I think that the founders put this in the constitution to keep the sense of freedom they had in England concerning arms, and other than a small force of paid officers, the United States had no professional, trained

Rising Tide Essay Example For Students

Rising Tide Essay In the book, Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How it Changed America, shows many different aspects of engineers and their lives. The stories that are told help the reader to better understand the practice of civil engineering.During the time period of the story, there are two engineers who contribute to a main part in controlling the Mississippi River, Eads and Humphreys. As the two race and compete to see who can better the Mississippi River, many important details about civil engineering come about. The author explains how a river flows and floods in way that most can understand. He helps show ways to help prevent flooding on the Mississippi. Eads and Humphreys are always striving to out do one another and in doing so comes many ideas to better the river. A levee is one in particular that is spoken of quite often. The levees only policy was debated between these two engineers. This policy discussed how a system of levees would control floodwaters not only by dam ming the banks but also by increasing the velocity of the rivers flow and its tendency to scour the bottom. The theory provided that when the river is flooded, it could be made to dig its own channel out. This was not the only idea expressed by the engineers. Another was the idea of producing outlets and reservoirs. With outlets and reservoirs, the water level of the river would stay below a flood range. Another idea discussed is a system of jetties. The jetties would help increase the speed of the current even at low water. These ideas all help to teach the reader what civil engineers may attempt to better a river with potential to flood. With all of these ideas being pursued, not all would have the chance to use them. Those who were more powerful got the chance to actually take a stab at their proposals while others were left behind. Humphreys had power because he went to a U.S. Military Academy, which was made possible by his familys connections. He pursued to be educated at West Point, which was a school of engineering. As he grew older within the military, his ranks did as well. With his high ranks he began to get to know some very important people and have some power of his own. So whenever Eads would want for a project of his own to be done, Humphreys would try and put a stop to it and in some cases did. This just shows how competitive and how much hatred they have. Their ethical behavior seemed to be very poor at times. They would constantly be at one anothers throats, always trying to be on top. There wasnt much that wouldnt be done to keep their competitor from being unsuccessful.A level of experience in different areas also helped the civil engineers. For instance, Eads started his own business on the Mississippi salvaging vessels on the bottom of the rivers bed. He was unable to see at the bottom so he had to feel it. Not only did he feel the bottom he also got to understand the current. Eads was able to experience how the river acted and what mine rals were in the river. This helped him better understand the Mississippi, which would help him in later projects with the river.Eads also was able to learn about various types of metal, such as iron and steel, from experience he had working with them from his salvaging business. This would later help him build the first ever- steel bridge. Humphreys on the other hand got experience from school and the military. It was very common for West Point graduates to advance quickly. Humphreys did so as well. He went from captain of engineers to brigadier general and commander of a combat infantry division. All this was accomplished in a short span of eight months.With the experience that Eads had with his own business helped him with his civil engineering career. He had an understanding of how the to do business and how to negotiate business deals. This assisted him to get certain jobs that were related to civil engineering. Eads would as well know how to organize a job and what procedures would be needed to for the job. Humphreys on the other hand had power and knew a lot of people that had power. He had acquaintances that were involved in politics that could pull a lot of strings to get Humphreys where he needed to be. In one case, there was a bridge that Eads was constructing and Humphreys, having hatred for Eads, didnt like it and demanded that it be tore down. By this time Humphreys knew a lot of people and he as well having a lot of power himself with the Corps. But Eads ignored the demand of it to be brought down. It seems as if they werent always following the engineers code of ethics. The code of ethics says that engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public. They were not always following this. It was more of a competition to them and they would do whatever they could to stop the other one from succeeding. The two would always be focused on each other on how to out do their competitor. The story does help in some ways to contrib ute to the readers better understanding of the practice of civil engineering. It provides information on how experience helps to bring along new ideas that would benefit civil engineering. With the experience comes hard work as well. It is not a simple task to accomplish. When a C.E. first starts out there are not too many that are going to know who they are. This makes a struggle for one to get started. After years of hard work and successful projects, your name begins to be known by many important people. With a well known name you then can move on to bigger and better jobs. It also helps to know people who have power and to have power yourself. But to abuse the power is not very wise like Humphreys did. When it gets to the point like Eads and Humphreys where it is nothing but a competition, one begins to lose focus on what is actually trying to be accomplished. This will also tend to make you lose focus of the Engineers code of ethics. .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f , .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f .postImageUrl , .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f , .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f:hover , .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f:visited , .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f:active { border:0!important; } .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f:active , .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u01a7a4b62cda2125b76a6d0eda48a52f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Mayans Persuasive Essay

Criminal Investigation

There are various methods of inquiry. These methods can be grouped into either scientific or non scientific methods. The preferred method of inquiry in criminal investigation is the scientific method. In this method, an investigator develops a hypothesis and then investigates the viability of the hypothesis, which is a similar procedure as used in science. In addition to the scientific method of inquiry, non-scientific methods are also used.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Investigation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The non scientific methods relate to authority, tenacity and intuition. Authority method of inquiry is where an investigator takes the words of a person in authority as true and relies on them for investigation (Wood, 1995). In criminal investigation, authority method of inquiry can apply where an investigator is influenced by individuals in authority in his or her investigation. For examp le, claims from senior police officers may influence the direction of an investigation. Tenacity is the other method of inquiry. In this method, an investigator relies on prior knowledge without questioning whether the information is true or not. In criminal investigation, tenacity can lead to bias in investigation. For example, when investigating a crime such as drug trafficking, prior knowledge of the common trend in drug trafficking may mislead the investigation. Intuition is the other common method of inquiry. In this method, an investigator uses inner feeling to direct the investigation. In criminal investigation, some investigators claim to use inner feeling to direct their investigation but the method is not reliable. To be successful, an investigator should have the right mindset. This means that he or she should not have a fixed mind while carrying out an investigation but should be open to all possibilities (Ray, 1998). Despite being open to all eventualities, an investiga tor should be guided by the obvious and then move to the details. It is expected that a good investigator should have a checklist, which he or she uses as a guide in an investigation. The mindset in investigation usually is derived from experience, training, observation and studies carried out on a subject. The mindset provides an investigator with a framework which he or she uses to carry out investigations. Experience is vital in criminal investigation. Experience exposes an investigator to many possibilities and therefore helps make an appropriate decision at the right time. Therefore, being open to all possibilities is equivalent to having an investigative mindset. The following scenario illustrates the importance of being open to all possibilities: A man crosses the border regularly on bicycle.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An investigator initially suspects the man to be a d rug trafficker but on checking, nothing suspicious is found on the man. Later, the man is found to be smuggling the bicycle he was ridding (Ray, 1998, p.4). The scenario shows the importance of considering many possibilities rather than having a fixed mindset. The scientific technique is the most reliable method of inquiry. It is also possibly the most common method. Scientific method is a logical method of carrying out an investigation. Unlike non scientific methods, the scientific method follows a specific procedure in finding an answer to a given problem (Hunter Dantzker, 2006). The scientific method assumes a healthy skepticism, which enables the investigator to approach a problem with an open mind. The main objective of scientific methods is to overcome any bias and therefore arrive at a conclusion in an objective manner. The first step in the scientific method is observation. After observations are made, the investigator develops a hypothesis, which he or she tries to test th rough the process of investigation (Becker, 2008). The investigator then identifies all the variables to the problem under investigation. Guided by the set hypothesis, the investigator evaluates the variables in order to support or reject the hypothesis. The results of a scientific study are obtained in an objective manner and are therefore justifiable. In a criminal investigation, the hypothesis defines the investigative problem in a precise manner. The investigator then goes ahead to conduct the test, gather the necessary information, and make predictions. The investigator then uses inductive reasoning to make conclusion based on gathered data. The objective of a criminal investigation is to gather information to determine whether crime has been committed in order to bring the individuals involved to book. A successful investigation should provide prove beyond doubt as to who was involved in a crime in order to allow justice to take its own course. In conducting investigations, in vestigators rely on various sources of information. The three main source of information include the people involved, physical evidence and records. The people involved in a crime include the victim, the suspect and witnesses (Palmiotto, 2004, p. 2).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Investigation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The victim and witness provide first-hand information related to the crime and therefore guide the investigation. A witness refers to any person who has first-hand information on the circumstances under which the crime is committed. Witnesses help investigators to verify information provided by the victim or the suspect. On the other hand, physical evidence plays a significant role in criminal investigation. Do they not only provide evidence, which is important in a court of law but they also provide insights to the investigator. The records retained by criminal justice systems a re the other important source of information. The past criminal records and fingerprint records of the suspect among other records play a significant role in criminal investigation. Reference List Becker, R. (2008). Criminal Investigation, New York: Jones Bartlett Learning Hunter, R., Dantzker, M. (2006). Research Methods for Criminology and Criminal Justice: a primer, New York: Jones Bartlett Learning. Palmiotto, M. (2004). Criminal Investigation, Washington DC: University of America. Ray, D. (1998). Information-gathering Strategies: The Investigative Mindset, Web. Wood, A. (1995). Methods on Criminology inquiry, Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 23(2), 78-86.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Criminal Investigation was written and submitted by user Keegan David to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin Essay Example

Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin Essay Example Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin Essay Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin Essay Kohat-Potwar Oil and Gas Exploration and Production The first oil well drilled in present-day Pakistan was at Kundal on the Potwar Plateau in 1866. The first commercial oil discovery was made in the Greater Indus Basin in 1914 when the Attock Oil Company completed a 214 ft well on a thrust-faulted anticline near Khaur on the Potwar Plateau (Khan and others, 1986). Early success in the Kohat-Potwar geologic province served to focus much of the early exploration activity in that area. The Sui field in the Sulaiman-Kirthar Foreland geologic province was the first discovery outside of the Kohat-Potwar geologic province and is the largest gas discovery in Pakistan, with more than 5 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas reserves. Discovered in 1952, the Sui field is a dome-shaped reef structure with an anticlinal surface expression. The largest reserves were found in the 625 m thick Eocene Sui Formation Sui Main Limestone Member. The Sui Upper Limestone Member and upper Eocene Habib Rahi Limestone were also productive. In 1999, Upper Cretaceous Pab Sandstone Formation gas production began at Sui field. Although exploratory wells had been previously drilled in the Middle and Lower Indus Basins, the discovery of the Sui field accelerated exploration efforts in the 1950s. More discoveries followed in that area with the Zin gas field in 1954, the Uch gas field in 1955, and the Mari gas field in 1957. Exploration activity increased again in the 1980s, when identification of a tilted fault block in the Lower Indus Basin led to the discovery of a series of oil fields. Although there have been significant oil discoveries in the Lower Indus Basin, it remains a gas-prone province. Gas discoveries that are attributed to the Sembar-Goru/Ghazij TPS have been made in Eocene, Paleocene, and Lower Cretaceous rocks on the Mari-Kandhot High in the Rajasthan Province of India. The Cambrian oil discoveries in Rajasthan, however, are beyond the extent of Sembar deposition and are either sourced by updip hydrocarbon migration from the Sembar or more likely by proximal older Mesozoic and early Paleozoic rocks. Sembar-Goru/Ghazij Composite Total Petroleum System The Sembar-Goru/Ghazij Composite Total Petroleum System (TPS) as defined for this assessment, is a north-south elongated area extending from the Potwar-Kohat geologic province in the north to the 2,000 m bathymetric contour in the Arabian Sea . The west boundary coincides with the axial belt and western edge of the Indian plate and the eastern boundary extends into India on the Indian Shield . Geochemical analyses of potential source rocks and produced oil and gas have demonstrated that the Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation is the most likely source of oil and gas for most of the producing fields in the Indus Basin. Source Rocks While the Sembar has been identified as the primary source rock for much of the Greater Indus Basin, there are other known and potential source rocks. Rock units containing known or potential source rocks include the Salt Range Formation Eocambrian shales, Permian Dandot and Tredian Formations, Triassic Wulgai Formation, Jurassic Datta Formation, Paleocene Patala Formation, Eocene Ghazij Formation, and lower Miocene shales. Of all the possible source rocks in the Indus Basin, however, the Sembar is the most likely source for the largest portion of the produced oil and gas in the Indus foreland. In the Kohat-Potwar geologic province the Paleocene Patala Shale is the primary source rock for most, if not all of the province. In the offshore areas of the Indus geologic province, Miocene rocks are postulated to be good hydrocarbon sources, with the Sembar contributing in the shelf area. The Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation consists mainly of shale with subordinate amounts of siltstone and sandstone. The Sembar was deposited over most of the Greater Indus Basin in marine environments and ranges in thickness from 0 to more than 260 m (Iqbal and Shah, 1980). Rock-eval pyrolysis analyses of 10 samples from the Jandran-1 well in the Sulaiman Range of the foldbelt, indicate an   most likely prove to be gas prone. verage total organic carbon content (TOC) of 1. 10 percent. The TOC values from the Sembar in two Badin area wells in the foreland portion of the Lower Indus Basin have TOC’s ranging from 0. 5 to 3. 5 percent and averaging about 1. 4 percent. A cross-plot of pyrolysis data on a modified van-Kreveln diagram study indicates that the organic matter in the Sembar is mainly type-III kerogen, capabl e of generating gas; however, additional proprietary data indicate the presence of type-II kerogen as well as type-III kerogen. With respect to the oil window (0. 6 1. 3 percent vitrinite reflectance), the Sembar ranges from thermally immature to over mature . The Sembar is more thermally mature in the western, more deeply buried part of the shelf and becomes shallower and less mature toward the eastern edge of the Indus Basin   Conclusive geochemical data supporting a Sembar source for most of the produced oil and gas in the Indus Basin are lacking; however, limited available geochemical and thermal data favor a Sembar source. To date, the only oil-productive regions in the Greater Indus Basin are the Potwar Plateau in the north and the Badin area in the Lower Indus Basin. Cross-plots of the carbon isotope ratios and the isoprenoid ratios of produced oils in these two regions are distinctly different , indicating two different source rocks. Gas content varies throughout the basin with CO2 ranging from lt; 1 percent to gt;70 percent, nitrogen lt; 1 percent to gt; 80 percent, and H2S lt; 0. percent to gt; 13 percent (IHS Energy Group, 2001). Reservoirs Productive reservoirs in the Sembar-Goru/Ghazij Composite TPS include the Cambrian Jodhpur Formation; Jurassic Chiltan, Samana Suk, and Shinawari Formations; Cretaceous Sembar, Goru, Lumshiwal, Moghal Kot, Parh, and Pab Formations; Paleocene Dungan Formation and Ranikot Group; and the Eocene Sui, Kirthar, Sakesar, Bandah, Khuiala, Nammal, and Ghazij Formations . The principal reservoirs are deltaic and shallow-marine sandstones in the lower part of the Goru in the Lower Indus Basin and the Lumshiwal Formation in the Middle Indus Basin and limestones in the Eocene Ghazij and equivalent stratigraphic units . Potential reservoirs are as thick as 400 m. Sandstone porosities are as high as 30 percent, but more commonly range from about 12 to 16 percent; and limestone porosities range from 9 to 16 percent. The permeability of these reservoirs ranges from 1 to gt; 2,000 milidarcies (md). Reservoir quality generally diminishes in a westward direction but reservoir thickness increases. Because of the progressive eastward erosion and truncation of Cretaceous rocks, the Cretaceous reservoirs all have erosional updip limits, whereas Tertiary reservoirs extend farther east overlying progressively older rocks. Traps All production in the Indus Basin is from structural traps. No stratigraphic accumulations have been identified, although the giant Sui gas field is a dome-shaped reef structure (possibly an algal mound) expressed on the surface as an anticline. The variety of structural traps includes anticlines, thrust-faulted anticlines, and tilted fault blocks. The anticlines and thrusted anticlines occur in the foreland portions of the Greater Indus Basin as a consequence of compression related to collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. The tilted fault traps in the Lower Indus Basin are a product of extension related to rifting and the formation of horst and graben structures. The temporal relationships among trap formation and hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, migration, and entrapment are variable throughout the Greater Indus Basin. In the foreland portion, formation of structural traps pre-date hydrocarbon generation, especially in the Lower Indus Basin. In the Middle and Upper Indus Basins, traps may also have formed prior to hydrocarbon generation, although the temporal relationships between trap formation and hydrocarbon generation are not as distinct as in the Lower Indus Basin. The structural deformation in the foldbelt region is generally contemporaneous with hydrocarbon generation, suggesting that some of the hydrocarbons generated from the Sembar probably leaked to the surface prior to trap formation. Burial history reconstructions based on data from the Sakhi-Sarwar no. 1 well , located in the foreland part of the Middle Indus Basin, and the Shahdapur no. 1 well, located in the foreland part of Lower Indus Basin, indicate that hydrocarbon generation began 40 and 65 Ma, respectively . The main differences in the hydrocarbon generation times between these wells are due to large differences in the thermal gradients; the present-day thermal gradient in the Sakhi-Sarwar well is 2. 6 °C/km as opposed to 3. 3 °C/km in the Shahdapur well. We interpret the critical moments for these wells at about 15 and 50 Ma, respectively. Based on these reconstructions, trap formation may have postdated the start of hydrocarbon generation in the foreland portion of the Indus Basin. Seals The known seals in the system are composed of shales that are interbedded with and overlying the reservoirs. In producing fields, thin shale beds of variable thickness are effective seals. Additional seals that may be effective include impermeable seals above truncation traps, faults, and updip facies changes. Overburden Rock The rocks overlying the Sembar are composed of sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and conglomerate. The maximum thickness of these overlying rocks is estimated to be as much as 8,500 m in the Sulaiman foredeep area . In the foredeep areas immediately adjacent to the front of the foldbelt parts of the Indus Basin, the overburden thickness ranges from 2,500 m to 6,000 m. East of the foredeep, overburden rocks thin as Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks are progressively truncated.